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Lipolysis /lɨˈpɒlɨsɪs/ is the breakdown of lipids and involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. The following hormones induce lipolysis: epinephrine, norepinephrine, ghrelin, growth hormone, testosterone, and cortisol. These trigger 7TM receptors (G protein-coupled receptors), which activate adenylate cyclase. This results in increased production of cAMP, which activates protein kinase A, which subsequently activates lipases found in adipose tissue.

"Glucagon increases blood glucose and causes breakdown of fat and protein. It acts on specific G protein-coupled receptors to stimulate adenylyl cyclase, and its actions are somewhat similar to beta-adrenoceptor-mediated actions of adrenaline. Unlike adrenalin, however, its metabolic effects are more pronounced than its cardiovascular actions. Glucagon is proportionately more active on liver, while the metabolic actions of adrenalin are more pronounced on muscle and fat" (Rang and Dale's Pharmacology, 2015).

Triglycerides are transported through the blood to appropriate tissues (adipose, muscle, etc.) by lipoproteins such as VLDL (Very-Low-Density-Lipoproteins). Triglycerides present on the VLDL undergo lipolysis by the cellular lipases of target tissues, which yields glycerol and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids released into the blood are then available for cellular uptake.^[1] Free fatty acids not immediately taken up by cells may bind to albumin for transport to surrounding tissues that require energy. Serum albumin is the major carrier of free fatty acids in the blood.^[2] The glycerol also enters the bloodstream and is absorbed by the liver or kidney where it is converted to glycerol 3-phosphate by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate is converted mostly into dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) and then glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) to rejoin the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathway.

While lipolysis is triglyceride hydrolysis (the process by which triglycerides are broken down), esterification is the process by which triglycerides are formed. Esterification and lipolysis are, in essence, reversals of one another.^[3]

Currently there are four main non-invasive body contouring techniques growing in the aesthetic medicine for reducing localized subcutaneous adipose tissue: low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cryolipolysis, radio frequency (RF) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).^[4]^[5]

References

^ King, Michael W. "Oxidation of Fatty Acids". Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^{[self-published source?]}
^ Tom Brody, Nutritional Biochemistry, (Academic Press, 2nd edition 1999), 215-216. ISBN 0121348369
^ Baldwin, Kenneth David Sutherland; Brooks, George H.; Fahey, Thomas D. (2005). Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-255642-0. ^{[page needed]}
^ Kennedy, J.; Verne, S.; Griffith, R.; Falto-Aizpurua, L.; Nouri, K. (2015). "Non-invasive subcutaneous fat reduction: A review". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: n/a. doi:10.1111/jdv.12994. PMID 25664493.
^ Mulholland, R. Stephen; Paul, Malcolm D.; Chalfoun, Charbel (2011). "Noninvasive Body Contouring with Radiofrequency, Ultrasound, Cryolipolysis, and Low-Level Laser Therapy". Clinics in Plastic Surgery 38 (3): 503–20, vii–iii. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2011.05.002. PMID 21824546.

External links

Lipolysis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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English Journal

Genotypic diversity and virulent factors of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from human breast milk.

Begović J, Jovčić B, Papić-Obradović M, Veljović K, Lukić J, Kojić M, Topisirović L.SourceInstitute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Laboratory for Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: begovicj@imgge.bg.ac.rs.
Microbiological research.Microbiol Res.2013 Feb 22;168(2):77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Oct 23.
Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were isolated from the expressed human breast milk (EHM) of 14 healthy donor mothers. Genetic diversity was evaluated using RAPD-PCR REP-PCR and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE allowed the best discrimination of the isolates, since it provided for the
PMID 23098640

The G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2): Regulating metabolism and beyond.

Heckmann BL, Zhang X, Xie X, Liu J.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA; Mayo/ASU Center for Metabolic & Vascular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA; Mayo HEALth Program, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Feb;1831(2):276-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.016. Epub 2012 Sep 29.
The G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) was originally identified in blood mononuclear cells following induced cell cycle progression. Translation of G0S2 results in a small basic protein of 103 amino acids in size. It was initially believed that G0S2 mediates re-entry of cells from the G0 to G1 phase of the
PMID 23032787

Technological and safety characteristics of Staphylococcaceae isolated from Spanish traditional dry-cured sausages.

Cachaldora A, Fonseca S, Franco I, Carballo J.SourceÁrea de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2013 Feb;33(1):61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.08.013. Epub 2012 Sep 13.
The aim of this study was to determine the technological properties (nitrate reductase, proteolytic and lipolytic activities; and the ability to grow at the temperature and pH values of fermenting sausage, and at high NaCl concentrations) and safety characteristics (amino acid decarboxylase and ente
PMID 23122502

Japanese Journal

Purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Mucor hiemalis f. corticola isolated from soil(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Ulker Serdar,Karaoglu Sengul Alpay
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(4), 385-390, 2012-10-00
… We have screened 39 microfungi isolates originated from soil in terms of lipolytic activity. …
NAID 110009543721

南極産Mrakia属担子菌酵母の乳脂肪分解能とその温度依存性

下原広大,藤生誠一,辻雅晴 [他]
用水と廃水 54(9), 691-696, 2012-09-00
NAID 40019425870

Functional analysis of FarA transcription factor in the regulation of the genes encoding lipolytic enzymes and hydrophobic surface binding protein for the degradation of biodegradable plastics in Aspergillus oryzae(GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENE ENGINEERING)

Garrido Sharon Marie,Kitamoto Noriyuki,Watanabe Akira [他],Shintani Takahiro,Gomi Katsuya
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 113(5), 549-555, 2012-05-00
… These results indicated that the FarA transcriptional factor would be implicated in the expression of cutL1 and hsbA genes that are required for the degradation of PBSA as well as lipolytic genes such as mdlB and tglA for lipid hydrolysis. …
NAID 110009456890