liberalization

n.

自由化、自由主義化、解放

関: liberal, liberalism

WordNet

the act of making less strict (同)liberalisation, relaxation

PrepTutorEJDIC

寛大なこと / 自由化,自由改革,自由主義化

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/26 09:47:58」(JST)

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In general, liberalization (or liberalisation) refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in such areas of social,political and economic policy. In some contexts this process or concept is often, but not always, referred to as deregulation.^[1] Liberalization of autocratic regimes may precede democratization (or not, as in the case of the Prague Spring).

In law

In social policy liberalization may refer to a relaxation of laws restricting for example divorce, abortion, or drugs. Regarding civil rights, it may refer to the elimination of laws prohibiting same-sex sexual relations, same-sex marriage, interracial marriage, or interfaith marriage

In economy and trade

Privatisation, also spelled privatization, may have several meanings. Primarily, it is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector (a government) to the private sector, either to a business that operates for a profit or to a nonprofit organization. It may also mean government outsourcing of services or functions to private firms, e.g. revenue collection, law enforcement, and prison management.[1]

Privatization has also been used to describe two unrelated transactions. The first is the buying of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by a single entity, making the company privately owned. This is often described as private equity. The second is a demutualization of a mutual organization or cooperative to form a joint-stock company.[] liberalization.

Although economic liberalization is often associated with privatization, the two are distinct concepts. For example, the European Union has liberalized gas and electricity markets, instituting a competitive system, but some leading European energy companies such as France's EDF and Sweden's Vattenfall remain partially or completely in government ownership.

Liberalized and privatized public services may be dominated by just a few big companies particularly in sectors with high capital costs, or high water, gas, or electricity costs. In some cases they may remain legal monopolies, at least for some segments of the market (like small consumers).

Liberalization is one of three focal points (the others being privatization and stabilization) of the Washington Consensus's trinity strategy for economies in transition.

There is also a concept of hybrid liberalization as, for instance, in Ghana where cocoa crop can be sold to a variety of competing private companies, but there is a minimum price for which it can be sold and all exports are controlled by the state.^[2]

Comparison with democratization

There is a distinct difference between liberalization and democratization, which are often thought to be the same concept. Liberalization can take place without democratization, and deals with a combination of policy and social change specialized to a certain issue such as the liberalization of government-held property for private purchase, whereas democratization is more politically specialized that can arise from a liberalization, but works in a broader level of governmental liberalization.

References

^ Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (January 2002). Economics: Principles in Action. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
^ Marcella Vigneri and Paulo Santos (2007) "Ghana and the cocoa marketing dilemma: What has liberalisation without price competition achieved?", Overseas Development Institute

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English Journal

Novelities in resuscitation training methods.

Lopez-Messa JB, Martin-Hernandez H, Perez-Vela JL, Molina-Latorre R, Herrero-Ansola P.SourceComplejo Asistencial de Palencia, Palencia, Espana. Comite Directivo PNRCP (SEMICYUC).
Medicina intensiva / Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias.Med Intensiva.2011 Oct;35(7):433-441. Epub 2011 May 2.
The importance of cardiac arrest as a health problem makes training in resuscitation a topic of great interest. It is necessary to enhance resuscitation training for all citizens, starting in schools and institutes, targeting teachers and nurses for training, to in turn become future trainers. The m
PMID 21543134

The new era of the livestock production in Mongolia: Consequences on streams of the Great Lakes Depression.

Maasri A, Gelhaus J.AbstractMongolia, a landlocked country of the Central Asian plateau, is experiencing a significant modification of herding practices coupled with an increase in livestock numbers. These modifications lead to increasing impacts of grazing on the Mongolian steppes with major consequences on the waterbodies. We researched the impacts of grazing intensity on the streams of the Great Lakes Depression in northwestern Mongolia. We assessed the level of watershed and stream bank erosion and the type of vegetation structure. We calculated the livestock densities per watershed and linked them to the stream water discharge through a new metric (I(CU)). I(CU) was created as a function of cattle unit density and water discharge, having water discharge at a stream section reflecting its location in the drainage and therefore accounting for the surface area drained upstream. We measured also the major nutrients in the stream water and researched the causalities between the grazing and the impairment of watersheds and streams. Our results suggest that the increase of livestock numbers is reaching beyond the grassland and affecting the stream ecosystem. Two major impacts were highlighted by this study, 1) the extensive watershed and stream bank erosion and 2) the increase in concentration of suspended particles and orthophosphate in stream systems. When compared with past values from literature, our results show recent eutrophication of the streams compared to the pre-liberalization of the herding activity in Mongolia (before 1991). Consequently the continued uncontrolled increase of livestock numbers could threaten the conservation of the Mongolian waterbodies, with notable consequences on the life of the nomadic population of the Central Asian Plateau.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2011 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
Mongolia, a landlocked country of the Central Asian plateau, is experiencing a significant modification of herding practices coupled with an increase in livestock numbers. These modifications lead to increasing impacts of grazing on the Mongolian steppes with major consequences on the waterbodies. W
PMID 21889787

Japanese Journal

The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia

Kusdhianto Setiawan,Kusdhianto Setiawan
広島経済大学経済研究論集 34(1), 73-88, 2011-06
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows and its relationship with economic development and the degree of economic openness (trade) in Indonesia were examined using VAR model during obs …
NAID 120003293140