laryngopharynx

　

WordNet

1. the lower part of the pharynx

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/01/28 18:28:31」(JST)

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Pharynx
Head and inner neck
Pharynx
Details
Part of	Throat
System	Respiratory system, digestive system
Artery	pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending palatine, descending palatine, pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid
Vein	pharyngeal plexus
Nerve	pharyngeal plexus, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
Identifiers
Greek	Pharynx
MeSH	A03.556.750
Dorlands /Elsevier	12633198
TA	A05.3.01.001
FMA	46688
Anatomical terminology

The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. The pharynx is an organ found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species.

In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (The conducting zone also includes the nostrils of the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity, behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. It is also important in vocalization.

In humans there are two sets of pharyngeal muscles that form the pharynx, determining the shape of its lumen. These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer.

Structure

Nasopharynx

The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Upper respiratory system, with nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at right.

Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere.

Details of torus tubarius

The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening:

• the salpingopharyngeal fold, a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle
• the salpingopalatine fold, a smaller fold, in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold, extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle. It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening.

Oropharynx

The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, is the palatine tonsil. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.

The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. Fusobacterium is a pathogen.

Laryngopharynx

The laryngopharynx, (Latin: pars laryngea pharyngis), also known as hypopharynx, is the caudal part of pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops. Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone. The laryngopharynx includes three major sites: the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.

The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed "Arnolds Nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing.

Clinical significance

Pharyngitis is the painful swelling of the throat. The oropharynx shown here is very inflamed and red.

Inflammation

Main article: Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the painful inflammation of the throat.

Pharyngeal cancer

Main article: Pharyngeal cancer

Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and/or throat, and can cause serious clinical problems.

Waldeyer's tonsillar ring

Main article: Waldeyer's tonsillar ring

Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate (and to the back of the oral cavity). It’s believed that, Waldeyer’s ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems.

History

Etymology

The word pharynx (pronounced /ˈfærɪŋks/) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx, meaning "throat". Its plural form is pharynges /fəˈrɪndʒiːz/ or pharynxes /ˈfærɪŋksəz/, and its adjective form is pharyngeal (/ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl/ or /fəˈrɪndʒiəl/).

Other animals

Vertebrates

An illustration of the pharyngeal jaws of a moray eel

All vertebrates have a pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration. The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head. These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches, and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal, muscular and circulatory systems. The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates. It differs in dogs, horses and ruminants. In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity. The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx. In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly. Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse. In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx.

Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus. Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates. However, the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells.

Pharyngeal jaws are a "second set" of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish, distinct from the primary (oral) jaws. Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted. When the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. Immediately thereafter, the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it; they then retract, pulling the prey down the eel's esophagus, allowing it to be swallowed.

Invertebrates

Invertebrates also have a pharynx. Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades,annelids and arthropods, and the priapulids (which have an eversible pharynx).

The "pharynx" of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head, triangular in cross-section, that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines. A one-way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal.

• Everted pharynx of Alitta virens (also known as Nereis virens), lateral view

• Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis

• Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail.

• Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body.

• Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species.

Additional images

• Nose and nasal

• Coronal section of right ear, showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle.

• The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind

• Deep dissection of human larynx, pharynx and tongue seen from behind

• The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck.

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Pharyngeal aspiration
• Pharyngeal consonant
• Pharyngeal (disambiguation)
• Saccopharynx, a genus of deep sea eel-like fishes with large mouths, distensible stomachs and long scaleless bodies
• Salpinx in anatomy
• Tonsil
• Tornwaldt cyst

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

General

• Pharynx, Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
• Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Seventh Edition.
• TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch (eds)Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0-471-22288-7

External links

• Anatomy photo:31:st-1401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• Anatomy photo:31:st-1403 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• Anatomy photo:31:st-1406 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 咽喉頭逆流 laryngopharyngeal reflux
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English Journal

• Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in definitive oncological treatment of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

• Keski-Säntti H1, Mäkitie AA, Saarilahti K.
• European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol.2015 Sep;272(9):2489-95. doi: 10.1007/s00405-014-3221-1. Epub 2014 Aug 8.
• Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is treated by definitive concomitant chemoradiotherapy at most centres. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is an advanced computer-controlled high-precision radiotherapy technique that has been used at our institution in the treatment of HSCC since
• PMID 25104059

• Anterolateral approach to the upper cervical spine: Case report and operative technique.

• Song Y1, Tharin S2, Divi V1, Prolo LM2, Sirjani DB1.
• Head & neck.Head Neck.2015 Sep;37(9):E115-9. doi: 10.1002/hed.23951. Epub 2015 May 26.
• BACKGROUND: Transcervical approaches to the upper cervical spine are challenging because several upper anterior neurovascular structures need to be displaced to provide access. Although various techniques have been described, the anterolateral approach is one of the safest and most effective methods
• PMID 25522016

• Impact on the pharyngeal airway space of different orthognathic procedures for the prognathic mandible.

• Al-Moraissi EA1, Al-Magaleh SM2, Iskandar RA3, Al-Hendi EA4.
• International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2015 Sep;44(9):1110-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 May 27.
• The study objective was to evaluate, through a meta-analysis, the impact on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) of different orthognathic surgeries for the treatment of the prognathic mandible. An electronic search of three databases and hand searches were carried out up to December 2014. The inclusio
• PMID 26025815

Japanese Journal

• P-066 ヒト随意性嚥下に対する咽頭喉頭部の非刺激唾液による刺激の効果(ポスターセッション,2011年度日本味と匂学会第45回大会)

• 北田 泰之,矢作 理花,奥田・赤羽 和久
• 日本味と匂学会誌 18(3), 331-334, 2011-12
• NAID 110009441233

• 上部消化管内視鏡検査が発見の契機となった嚥下障害を伴う頸椎前縦靱帯骨化症の1例

• 岩谷 勇吾,村木 崇,山田 重徳,横澤 秀一,新倉 則和,赤松 泰次,田中 榮司
• 日本消化器内視鏡学会雑誌 = Gastroenterological endoscopy 52(7), 1677-1683, 2010-07-20
• 症例は50歳代後半の男性．主訴は嚥下障害．内視鏡検査にて下咽頭後壁に壁外圧排所見を認め，頸椎X線側面像にて頸椎前縦靱帯骨化症（OALL）と診断された．MRIと経口造影検査では骨棘の部位に一致して下咽頭後壁の圧排所見を認めた．頸椎OALLが嚥下障害の原因と考え，骨化巣切除術を行ったところ嚥下障害，内視鏡所見，X線所見ともに改善した．嚥下障害を認める患者での内視鏡施行時は，中下咽頭後壁の壁外圧排所見に …
• NAID 10026910659

Related Links

• Laryngopharynx - Human Anatomy: Learn All About the ...

The laryngopharynx is where both food and air pass. It can be found between the hyoid bone and the larynx and esophagus, which helps guide food and air where to go. It is a part of the pharynx. A smooth mucous membrane covers ...

• laryngopharynxの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

laryngopharynx 【名】《医》咽喉頭 - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「hypopharynx」「咽頭喉頭部」

「hypopharynx」

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下咽頭

関

hypopharyngeal、laryngopharynx

「咽頭喉頭部」

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英

laryngopharynx (Z)

関

咽頭