| lanosterol synthase |
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
5.4.99.7 |
| CAS number |
9032-71-7 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
|
| Lanosterol synthase (2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase) |
PDB rendering based on 1w6j. |
| Available structures |
| PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
| List of PDB id codes |
|
1W6J, 1W6K
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| Identifiers |
| Symbols |
LSS; OSC |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 600909 MGI: 1336155 HomoloGene: 37408 ChEMBL: 3593 GeneCards: LSS Gene |
| EC number |
5.4.99.7 |
| Gene Ontology |
| Molecular function |
• lanosterol synthase activity
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| Cellular component |
• endoplasmic reticulum membrane
• lipid particle
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| Biological process |
• cholesterol biosynthetic process
• steroid metabolic process
• small molecule metabolic process
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| Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
|
| Orthologs |
| Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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| Entrez |
4047 |
16987 |
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| Ensembl |
ENSG00000160285 |
ENSMUSG00000033105 |
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| UniProt |
P48449 |
Q8BLN5 |
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| RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_001001438 |
NM_146006 |
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| RefSeq (protein) |
NP_001001438 |
NP_666118 |
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| Location (UCSC) |
Chr 21:
47.61 – 47.65 Mb |
Chr 10:
76.53 – 76.56 Mb |
|
| PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Lanosterol synthase is an oxidosqualene cyclase[disambiguation needed] (OSC) enzyme that converts (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene ((S)-2,3-epoxysqualene) to a protosterol cation and finally to lanosterol.[1] Lanosterol is a key four-ringed intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis.[2][3] In humans, lanosterol synthase is encoded by the LSS gene.[4][5]
In eukaryotes, lanosterol synthase is an integral monotopic protein associated with the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum.[6] Some evidence suggests that the enzyme is a soluble (non-membrane bound) protein in the few prokaryotes that produce it.[7]
Due to the enzyme’s role in cholesterol biosynthesis, there is interest in lanosterol synthase inhibitors as potential cholesterol reducing drugs, to complement existing statins.[8]
Contents
- 1 Mechanism
- 2 Enzyme Structure
- 3 Biological Function
- 4 Disease Relevance
- 5 Evolution
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
Mechanism[edit]
Figure 1: Lanosterol synthase mechanism. The discrete carbocation intermediates show the non-concerted nature of the mechanism.
Though some data on the mechanism has been obtained by the use of suicide inhibitors, mutagenesis studies, and homology modeling, it is still not fully understood how the enzyme catalyzes the formation of lanosterol.[8]
Initial Epoxide Protonation and Ring Opening: Before the acquisition of the protein’s X-ray crystal structure, site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine residues key to the enzyme’s catalytic activity. It was determined that an aspartic acid residue (D455) and two histidine residues (H146 and H234) were essential to enzyme function. Corey et al. hypothesized that the aspartic acid acts by protonating the substrate’s epoxide ring, thus increasing its susceptibility to intramolecular attack by the nearest double bond, with H146 possibly intensifying the proton donor ability of the aspartic acid through hydrogen bonding.[9] After acquisition of the X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme, the role of D455 as a proton donor to the substrate’s epoxide was confirmed, though it was found that D455 is more likely stabilized by hydrogen bonding from two cysteine residues (C456 and C533) than from the earlier suggested histidine.[8]
Ring Formation Cascade: Epoxide protonation activates the substrate, setting off a cascade of ring forming reactions. Four rings in total (A through D) are formed, producing the cholesterol backbone.[8] Though the idea of a concerted formation of all four rings had been entertained in the past, kinetic studies with (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene analogs showed that product formation is achieved through discrete carbocation intermediates (see Figure 1). Isolation of monocyclic and bicyclic products from lanosterol synthase mutants has further weakened the hypothesis of a concerted mechanism.[10][11] Evidence suggests that epoxide ring opening and A ring formation is concerted, though.[12]
Enzyme Structure[edit]
Lanosterol synthase is a two-domain monomeric protein[6] composed of two connected (α/α) barrel domains and three smaller β-structures. The enzyme active site is in the center of the protein, closed off by a constricted channel. Passage of the (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene substrate through the channel requires a change in protein conformation. In eukaryotes, a hydrophobic surface (6% of the total enzyme surface area) is the ER membrane-binding region (see Figure 2).[8]
The enzyme contains five fingerprint regions containing Gln-Trp motifs, which are also present in the highly analogous bacterial enzyme squalene-hopene cyclase.[8] Residues of these fingerprint regions contain stacked sidechains which are thought to contribute to enzyme stability during the highly exergonic cyclization reactions catalyzed by the enzyme.[13]
Biological Function[edit]
Catalysis of Lanosterol Formation: Lanosterol synthase catalyzes the conversion of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene to lanosterol, a key four-ringed intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis.[2][3] Thus, it in turn provides the precursor to estrogens, androgens, progesterones, and glucocorticoids. In eukaryotes the enzyme is bound to the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.[6] While cholesterol synthesis is mostly associated with eukaryotes, few prokaryotes have been found to express lanosterol synthase; it has been found as a soluble protein in Methylococcus capsulatus.[7]
Catalysis of Epoxylanosterol Formation: Lanosterol synthase also catalyzes the cyclization of 2,3;22,23-diepoxysqualene to 24(S),25-epoxylanosterol,[14] which is later converted to 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol.[15] Since the enzyme affinity for this second substrate is greater than for the monoepoxy (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, under partial inhibition conversion of 2,3;22,23-diepoxysqualene to 24(S),25-epoxylanosterol is favored over lanosterol synthesis.[16] This has relevance for disease prevention and treatment (see Disease Relevance, below).
Disease Relevance[edit]
Enzyme Inhibitors as Cholesterol Lowering Drugs: Interest has grown in lanosterol synthase inhibitors as drugs to lower blood cholesterol and treat atherosclerosis. The widely popular statin drugs currently used to lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol function by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity.[2] Because this enzyme catalyzes the formation of precursors far upstream of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene and cholesterol, statins may negatively influence amounts of intermediates required for other biosynthetic pathways (e.g. synthesis of isoprenoids, coenzyme Q). Thus, lanosterol synthase, which is more closely tied to cholesterol biosynthesis than HMG-CoA reductase, is an attractive drug target.[17]
Lanosterol synthase inhibitors are thought to lower LDL and VLDL cholesterol by a dual control mechanism. Studies in which lanosterol synthase is partially inhibited have shown both a direct decrease in lanosterol formation and a decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity. The oxysterol 24(S),25-epoxylanosterol, which is preferentially formed over lanosterol during partial lanosterol synthase inhibition, is believed to be responsible for this inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.[18]
Evolution[edit]
It is believed that oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs, the class to which lanosterol cyclase belongs) evolved from bacterial squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC), which is involved with the formation of hopanoids. Phylogenetic trees constructed from the amino acid sequences of OSCs in diverse organisms suggest a single common ancestor, and that the synthesis pathway evolved only once.[19] The discovery of steranes including cholestane in 2.7-billion year-old shales from Pilbara Craton, Australia, suggests that eukaryotes with OSCs and complex steroid machinery were present early in earth’s history.[20]
References[edit]
- ^ Dean PD, Ortiz de Montellano PR, Bloch K, Corey EJ (June 1967). "A soluble 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (12): 3014–5. PMID 6027261.
- ^ a b c Huff MW, Telford DE (July 2005). "Lord of the rings—the mechanism for oxidosqualene: lanosterol cyclase becomes crystal clear". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (6): 335–40. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.05.004. PMID 15951028.
- ^ a b Yamamoto S, Lin K, Bloch K (May 1969). "SOME PROPERTIES OF THE MICROSOMAL 2,3-OXIDOSQUALENE STEROL CYCLASE". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63 (1): 110–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.63.1.110. PMC 534008. PMID 5257956.
- ^ Baker CH, Matsuda SP, Liu DR, Corey EJ (August 1995). "Molecular cloning of the human gene encoding lanosterol synthase from a liver cDNA library". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213 (1): 154–60. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2110. PMID 7639730.
- ^ Young M, Chen H, Lalioti MD, Antonarakis SE (May 1996). "The human lanosterol synthase gene maps to chromosome 21q22.3". Hum. Genet. 97 (5): 620–4. doi:10.1007/BF02281872. PMID 8655142.
- ^ a b c Ruf A, Muller F, D’Arcy B, et al. (March 2004). "The monotopic membrane protein human oxidosqualene cyclase is active as monomer". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315 (2): 247–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.052. PMID 14766201.
- ^ a b Lamb DC, Jackson CJ, Warrilow AG, Manning NJ, Kelly DE, Kelly SL (August 2007). "Lanosterol biosynthesis in the prokaryote Methylococcus capsulatus: insight into the evolution of sterol biosynthesis". Mol. Biol. Evol. 24 (8): 1714–21. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm090. PMID 17567593.
- ^ a b c d e f Thoma R, Schulz-Gasch T, D'Arcy B, et al. (November 2004). "Insight into steroid scaffold formation from the structure of human oxidosqualene cyclase". Nature. 432 (7013): 188–22. doi:10.1038/nature02993. PMID 15525992.
- ^ Corey EJ, Cheng CH, Baker CH, Matsuda SPT, Li D, Song X (February 1997). "Studies on the Substrate Binding Segments and Catalytic Action of Lanosterol Synthase. Affinity Labeling with Carbocations Derived from Mechanism-Based Analogs of 2, 3-Oxidosqualene and Site-Directed Mutagenesis Probes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (6): 1289–96. doi:10.1021/ja963228o.
- ^ Wu TK, Wang TT, Chang CH, Liu YT, Shie WS (November 2008). "Importance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase tyrosine 707 residue for chair-boat bicyclic ring formation and deprotonation reactions". Org. Lett. 10 (21): 4959–62. doi:10.1021/ol802036c. PMID 18842050.
- ^ Joubert BM, Hua L, Matsuda SP (February 2000). "Steric bulk at position 454 in Saccharomyces cerivisiae lanosterol synthase influences B-ring formation but not deprotonation". Org. Lett. 2 (3): 339–41. doi:10.1021/ol9912940. PMID 10814317.
- ^ Corey EJ, Cheng CH, Baker CH, Matsuda SPT, Li D, Song X (February 1997). "Methodology for the Preparation of Pure Recombinant S. cerevisiae Lanosterol Synthase Using a Baculovirus Expression System. Evidence That Oxirane Cleavage and A-Ring Formation Are Concerted in the Biosynthesis of Lanosterol from 2,3-Oxidosqualene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (6): 1277–88. doi:10.1021/ja963227w.
- ^ Wendt KU, Poralla K, Schulz GE (September 1997). "Structure and function of a squalene cyclase". Science. 277 (5333): 1811–15. doi:10.1126/science.277.5333.1811. PMID 9295270.
- ^ Corey EJ, Gross SK (August 1967). "Formation of sterols by the action of 2, 3-oxidosqualene-sterol cyclase on the factitious substrates 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene and 2,3-oxido-22,23-dihydrosqualene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (17): 4561–2. doi:10.1021/ja00993a079. PMID 6046552.
- ^ Nelson JA, Steckbeck SR, Spencer TA (February 1981). "Biosynthesis of 24,25-epoxycholesterol from squalene 2,3;22,23-dioxide". J. Biol. Chem. 256 (3): 1067–8. PMID 7451488.
- ^ Boutaud O, Dollis D, Schuber F (October 1992). "Preferential cyclization of 2,3(S):22(S),23-dioxidosqualene by mammalian 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188 (2): 898–904. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)91140-L. PMID 1445330.
- ^ Telford DE, Lipson SM, Barrett PH, et al. (December 2005). "A novel inhibitor of oxidosqualene:lanosterol cyclase inhibits very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) production and enhances low-density lipoprotein apoB100 catalbolism through marked reduction in hepatic cholesterol content". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 (12): 2608–14. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000189158.28455.94. PMID 16210564.
- ^ Panini SR, Gupta A, Sexton RC, Parish EJ, Rudney H (October 1987). "Regulation of sterol biosynthesis and of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity in cultured cells by progesterone". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (30): 14435–40. PMID 3667583.
- ^ Pearson A, Budin M, Brocks JJ (December 2003). "Phylogenetic and biochemical evidence for sterol synthesis in the bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100 (26): 15352–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.2536559100. PMC 307571. PMID 14660793.
- ^ Brocks JJ, Logan GA, Buick R, Summons RE (August 1999). "Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes". Science. 285 (5430): 1033–6. doi:10.1126/science.285.5430.1033. PMID 10446042.
Further reading[edit]
- Roessler E, Mittaz L, Du Y, et al. (1999). "Structure of the human Lanosterol synthase gene and its analysis as a candidate for holoprosencephaly (HPE1)". Hum. Genet. 105 (5): 489–95. doi:10.1007/s004390051135. PMID 10598817.
- Ma J, Dempsey AA, Stamatiou D, et al. (2007). "Identifying leukocyte gene expression patterns associated with plasma lipid levels in human subjects". Atherosclerosis 191 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.032. PMID 16806233.
- Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, et al. (2000). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21". Nature 405 (6784): 311–9. doi:10.1038/35012518. PMID 10830953.
- Beyea MM, Heslop CL, Sawyez CG, et al. (2007). "Selective up-regulation of LXR-regulated genes ABCA1, ABCG1, and APOE in macrophages through increased endogenous synthesis of 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (8): 5207–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611063200. PMID 17186944.
- Dang H, Liu Y, Pang W, et al. (2009). "Suppression of 2,3-Oxidosqualene Cyclase by High Fat Diet Contributes to Liver X Receptor-α-mediated Improvement of Hepatic Lipid Profile". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (10): 6218–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.M803702200. PMC 2649084. PMID 19119143.
- Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: Large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.
- Sung CK, Shibuya M, Sankawa U, Ebizuka Y (1995). "Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human lanosterol synthase". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18 (10): 1459–61. doi:10.1248/bpb.18.1459. PMID 8593458.
- Young M, Chen H, Lalioti MD, Antonarakis SE (1996). "The human lanosterol synthase gene maps to chromosome 21q22.3". Hum. Genet. 97 (5): 620–4. doi:10.1007/BF02281872. PMID 8655142.
- Peffley DM, Gayen AK, Morand OH (1998). "Down-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels and synthesis in syrian hamster C100 cells by the oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor [4'-(6-allyl-ethyl-amino-hexyloxy)-2'-fluoro-phenyl]-(4-bromophenyl)-me thanone (Ro 48-8071): comparison to simvastatin". Biochem. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 439–49. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00083-5. PMID 9763219.
- Lu Y, Dollé ME, Imholz S, et al. (2008). "Multiple genetic variants along candidate pathways influence plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations". J. Lipid Res. 49 (12): 2582–9. doi:10.1194/jlr.M800232-JLR200. PMID 18660489.
- Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, et al. (2005). "Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution". Science 308 (5725): 1149–54. doi:10.1126/science.1108625. PMID 15790807.
- Pyrah IT, Kalinowski A, Jackson D, et al. (2001). "Toxicologic lesions associated with two related inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase in the dog and mouse". Toxicol Pathol 29 (2): 174–9. doi:10.1080/019262301317052440. PMID 11421484.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
- Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
- Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Res. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
- Ruf A, Müller F, D'Arcy B, et al. (2004). "The monotopic membrane protein human oxidosqualene cyclase is active as monomer". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315 (2): 247–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.052. PMID 14766201.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Mark M, Muller P, Maier R, Eisele B (1996). "Effects of a novel 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor on the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells". J. Lipid Res. 37 (1): 148–58. PMID 8820110.
External links[edit]
- Lanosterol synthase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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PDB gallery
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1w6j: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN OSC IN COMPLEX WITH RO 48-8071
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1w6k: STRUCTURE OF HUMAN OSC IN COMPLEX WITH LANOSTEROL
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Isomerase: mutases (EC 5.4)
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| 5.4.2 Phosphomutases |
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
- Phosphoglucomutase
- Phosphomannomutase
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| 5.4.99 Other groups |
- Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
- Lanosterol synthase
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- B
- enzm
- 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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Metabolism: lipid metabolism – ketones/cholesterol synthesis enzymes/steroid metabolism
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| Mevalonate pathway |
| To HMG-CoA |
- Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase
- HMG-CoA synthase (regulated step)
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| Ketogenesis |
- HMG-CoA lyase
- 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
- Thiophorase
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| To Mevalonic acid |
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| To DMAPP |
- Mevalonate kinase
- Phosphomevalonate kinase
- Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
- Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
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| Geranyl- |
- Dimethylallyltranstransferase
- Geranyl pyrophosphate
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| To cholesterol |
| To lanosterol |
- Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
- Squalene monooxygenase
- Lanosterol synthase
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| 7-Dehydrocholesterol path |
- Lanosterol 14α-demethylase
- Sterol-C5-desaturase-like
- 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase
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| Desmosterol path |
- 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase
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| To Bile acids |
- Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Sterol 27-hydroxylase
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| Steroidogenesis |
| To pregnenolone |
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| To corticosteroids |
- aldosterone: 18-hydroxylase
- cortisol/cortisone: 17α-hydroxylase
- 11β dehydrogenase
- both: 3β dehydrogenase
- 21α-hydroxylase
- 11β-hydroxylase
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| To sex hormones |
| To androgens |
- 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase
- 3β dehydrogenase
- 17β dehydrogenase
- 5α reductase
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| To estrogens |
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| Other/ungrouped |
- Steroid metabolism: sulfatase
- sulfotransferase
- Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)
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