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a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics (同)wool fat, wool grease
an emollient containing wool fat (a fatty substance obtained from the wool of sheep)

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ラノリン(羊毛から採る石けん,化粧品の原料)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/20 16:51:21」(JST)

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Lanolin (from Latin lāna, ‘wool’, and oleum, ‘oil’), also called wool wax or wool grease, is a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals. Lanolin used by humans comes from domestic sheep breeds that are raised specifically for their wool. Historically, many pharmacopoeias have referred to lanolin as wool fat (adeps lanae); however, as lanolin lacks glycerides (glycerol esters), it is not a true fat.^[1]^[2] Lanolin primarily consists of sterol esters instead.^[3] Lanolin's waterproofing property aids sheep in shedding water from their coats. Certain breeds of sheep produce large amounts of lanolin. There is an inverse correlation between fiber diameter and wool wax content.

Lanolin’s role in nature is to protect wool and skin against the ravages of climate and the environment; it also seems to play a role in skin (integumental) hygiene.^[1] Lanolin and its many derivatives are used extensively in products designed for the protection, treatment and beautification of human skin.^[1]

Composition

A typical high purity grade of lanolin is composed predominantly of long chain waxy esters (circa 97% by weight) the remainder being lanolin alcohols, lanolin acids and lanolin hydrocarbons.^[1]

An estimated 8,000 to 20,000 different types of lanolin esters are present in lanolin, resulting from combinations between the 200 or so different lanolin acids and the 100 or so different lanolin alcohols identified so far.^[1]^[2]

Lanolin’s complex composition of long chain esters, hydroxy esters, diesters, lanolin alcohols, and lanolin acids means in addition to it being a valuable product in its own right, it is also the starting point for the production of a whole spectrum of lanolin derivatives, which possess wide-ranging chemical and physical properties. The main derivatisation routes include hydrolysis, fractional solvent crystallisation, esterification, hydrogenation, and alkoxylation^[4] and quaternisation.^[1]^[2]^[5] Lanolin derivatives obtained from these processes are used widely in both high-value cosmetics and skin treatment products.

Hydrolysis of lanolin yields lanolin alcohols and lanolin acids. Lanolin alcohols are a rich source of cholesterol (an important skin lipid) and are powerful water-in-oil emulsifiers; they have been used extensively in skin care products for over 100 years.^[1] Notably, approximately 40% of the acids derived from lanolin are alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs).^[1]^[2] The use of AHAs in skin care products has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Details of the AHA’s isolated from lanolin can be seen in the table below.

Type of lanolic acid	Carbon chain length	Number identified
Alpha hydroxy normal	C 13–C 24	12
Alpha hydroxy iso	C 13–C 23	6
Alpha hydroxy anteiso	C 12–C 24	7

Modern developments

In addition to general purity requirements, lanolin must meet official requirements for the permissible levels of pesticide residues. The Fifth Supplement of the United States Pharmacopoeia XXII published in 1992 was the first to specify limits for 34 named pesticides. A total limit of 40 ppm (or mg/kg) total pesticides was stipulated for lanolin of general use, with no individual limit greater than 10 ppm.^[1]

A second monograph also introduced into the US Pharmacopoeia XXII in 1992 was entitled ‘Modified Lanolin.’ Lanolin conforming to this monograph is intended for use in more exacting applications, for example on open wounds. In this monograph, the limit of total pesticides was reduced to 3 ppm total pesticides, with no individual limit greater than 1 ppm.

In 2000, the European Pharmacopoeia introduced pesticide residue limits into its lanolin monograph. This requirement, which is generally regarded as the new quality standard, extends the list of pesticides to 40 and imposes even lower concentration limits.

Some very high purity grades of lanolin surpass monograph requirements. New products obtained using complex purification techniques produce lanolin esters in their natural state, removing oxidative and environmental impurities resulting in white, odourless, hypoallergenic lanolin. These ultra-high purity grades of lanolin are ideally suited to the treatment of dermatological disorders such as eczema and on open wounds.^[6]

Lanolin attracted attention owing to a misunderstanding concerning its sensitising potential.^[7] A study carried out at New York University Hospital in the early 1950s had shown about 1% of patients with dermatological disorders were allergic to the lanolin being used at that time. However, this figure was misinterpreted and taken out of context and became quoted as 1% of the general healthy (American) population. By one estimate, this simple misunderstanding of failing to differentiate between the general healthy population and patients with dermatological disorders exaggerates the sensitising potential of lanolin by 5,000–6,000 times.^[7]^[8]

The European Cosmetics Directive, introduced in July 1976, contained a stipulation that cosmetics which contained lanolin should be labelled to that effect. This ruling was challenged immediately, and in the early 1980s, it was overturned and removed from the directive. Despite only being in force for a short period of time, this ruling did harm both to the lanolin industry and to the reputation of lanolin in general.^[7] The Cosmetics Directive ruling only applied to the presence of lanolin in cosmetic products; it did not apply to the many hundreds of its different uses in dermatological products designed for the treatment of compromised skin conditions.

Modern analytical methods have revealed lanolin possesses a number of important chemical and physical similarities to human stratum corneum lipids; the lipids which help regulate the rate of transepidermal water loss and govern the hydration state of the skin.^[1]^[9]^[10]

Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy has shown that lanolin, like human stratum corneum lipids, consists of a mass of liquid crystalline material. Cross-polarised light microscopy has shown the multilamellar vesicles formed by lanolin are identical to those formed by human stratum corneum lipids. The incorporation of bound water into the stratum corneum involves the formation of multilamellar vesicles.^[1]^[10]

Skin bioengineering studies have shown the durational effect of the emollient (skin smoothing) action produced by lanolin is very significant and lasts for many hours. Lanolin applied to the skin at 2 mg/cm² has been shown to reduce roughness by about 35% after one hour and 50% after two hours, with the overall effect lasting for considerably more than eight hours.^[1] Lanolin is also known to form semiocclusive (breathable) films on the skin.^[2] When applied daily at around 4 mg/cm² for five consecutive days, the positive moisturising effects of lanolin were detectable until 72 hours after final application.^[1] Lanolin may achieve some of its moisturising effects by forming a secondary moisture reservoir within the skin.^[9]^[10]

The barrier repair properties of lanolin have been reported to be superior to those produced by both petrolatum and glycerin.^[1] In a small clinical study conducted on volunteer subjects with terribly dry (xerotic) hands, lanolin was shown to be superior to petrolatum in reducing the signs and symptoms of dryness and scaling, cracks and abrasions, and pain and itch. In another study, a high purity grade of lanolin was found to be significantly superior to petrolatum in assisting the healing of superficial wounds.^[11]

Applications

Lanolin ointment

Lanolin and its many derivatives are used extensively in both the personal care (e.g., high value cosmetics, facial cosmetics, lip products) and health care sectors. Lanolin is also found in “lubricants, rust-preventative coatings, shoe polish, and other commercial products”.^[12]

Lanolin is a relatively common allergen and is often misunderstood as a wool allergy. However, allergy to a lanolin-containing product is difficult to pinpoint and often other products containing lanolin may be fine for use. Patch testing can be done if a lanolin allergy is suspected.^[12]

It is frequently used in protective baby skin treatment and as a treatment for sore nipples in breastfeeding mothers.^[13]

Lanolin is used commercially in many industrial products ranging from rust-proof coatings to lubricants. Some sailors use lanolin to create slippery surfaces on their propellers and stern gear to which barnacles cannot adhere. The water-repellent properties make it valuable as a lubricant grease where corrosion would otherwise be a problem.

Lanolin is often used as a raw material for producing cholecalciferol using irradiation. (vitamin D₃).

Baseball players often use it to soften and break in their baseball gloves (shaving cream with lanolin is popularly used for this).

Anhydrous lanolin is also used as a lubricant for brass instrument tuning slides.

Lanolin can also be restored to woolen garments to make them water and dirt repellent, such as for cloth diaper covers.

A flaxseed oil-based lubricant commonly known as “wool wax” used to polish wood furniture is unrelated to lanolin; its name comes from its being a paste wax applied using steel wool.^[14]

Lanolin is also used in lip balm products such as Carmex. For some people, it can irritate the lips.

Lanolin is used with alcohol mixed at 110 F temp 2/98 % ratio for brass lubricant in ammunition reloading process.

Lanolin, when mixed with ingredients such as Neatsfoot oil, beeswax and glycerine (Glycerol), is used in various leather treatments, for example in some saddle soaps and in Marney's Conservation Leather Dressing.

Production

Crude lanolin constitutes about 5–25% of the weight of freshly shorn wool. The wool from one Merino sheep will produce about 250–300 ml of recoverable wool grease. Lanolin is extracted by washing the wool in hot water with a special wool scouring detergent to remove dirt, wool grease (crude lanolin), suint (sweat salts), and anything else stuck to the wool. The wool grease is continuously removed during this washing process by centrifugal separators, which concentrate it into a wax-like substance melting at approximately 38 °C (100 °F).

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ The Lanolin Book, Edited by Udo Hoppe, Published by Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg 1999
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Barnett G (1986). "Lanolin and Derivatives". Cosmetics & Toiletries 101: 21–44.
^ Riemenschneider, W.; Bolt, H. M. (2005). "Esters, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_565.pub2. ISBN 3527306730. edit
^ BASF website – Alkoxylation: Reaction of ammonia or amines with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to produce aminoalcohols. The process is also adaptable to produce specialty aminoalcohols from other epoxides
^ Meriam-Webster medical dictionary – quaternise: to convert (as an amine) into a quaternary compound
^ Arden Jones MR, Steel I, Powell SM (July 2002). "British Contact Dermatitis Group: Summaries of Papers". British Journal of Dermatology 147 (Suppl 62): 71. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.147.s62.19.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c Steel I (December 1994). "Lanolin Allergy: Hype or Hypersensitivity?". Journal of the National Eczema Society (Exchange) (75): 16–17.
^ I Steel, IR White and MH Beck, Dilemmas in Lanolin Sensitivity, 10th International Symposium on Contact Dermatitis, Nagoya, Japan (1995)
^ ^a ^b EW Clark and I Steel, Poster No. 2, American Academy of Dermatology, Washington DC, 1993
^ ^a ^b ^c Clark EW, Steel I (July–August 1993). Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 44: 181–195. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ I Steel, LB Joseph, NA Langley, AM Kligman, TJ Stoudemeyer and M Christiansen, 7th Congress of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis, Copenhagen, 9–12 June 2004
^ ^a ^b Zirwas MJ, Stechschulte SA. Moisturizer allergy: diagnosis and management. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008;1(4):38–44.
^ “HPA® Lanolin Cream”. (2014). Retrieved December 1st, 2014, from Lansinoh: https://www.lansinoh.com/products/hpa-lanolin
^ Hingley, Brian. Furniture Repair and Refinishing. Creative Homeowner, 1998, p. 223.

External links

Lanolin.com – Comprehensive view on history, manufacturing and applications
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Lanolin poisoning

UpToDate Contents

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1. 授乳および離乳の一般的問題 common problems of breastfeeding and weaning
2. 成人における刺激性接触皮膚炎 irritant contact dermatitis in adults
3. デュピュイトラン拘縮 dupuytrens contracture
4. 軽症熱傷の治療 treatment of minor thermal burns
5. 下肢慢性静脈疾患の内科的マネージメント medical management of lower extremity chronic venous disease

English Journal

Allergic contact dermatitis in children: review of the past decade.

Admani S1, Jacob SE.Author information 1Division of Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 8010 Frost Street, Suite 602, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.AbstractAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction. During the last decade, there has been a heightened awareness of this disease in the pediatric population. The gold standard for diagnosis is patch testing. The prevalence of positive patch tests in referred children with suspected ACD ranges from 27 to 95.6 %. The most common allergens in children in North America are nickel, neomycin, cobalt, fragrance, Myroxylon pereirae, gold, formaldehyde, lanolin/wool alcohols, thimerosal, and potassium dichromate. The relationship between ACD and atopic dermatitis (AD) is complicated with conflicting reports of prevalence in the literature; however, in a patient with dermatitis not responding to traditional therapies, or with new areas of involvement, ACD should be considered as part of the work-up.
Current allergy and asthma reports.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep.2014 Apr;14(4):421. doi: 10.1007/s11882-014-0421-0.
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction. During the last decade, there has been a heightened awareness of this disease in the pediatric population. The gold standard for diagnosis is patch testing. The prevalence of positive patch tests in referred children w
PMID 24504525

No remarkable differences in rates of sensitization to common type I and IV allergens between FLG loss-of-function mutation carriers and wild-type subjects.

Landeck L1, Visser M, Skudlik C, Brans R, Kezic S, John SM.Author information 1Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany.AbstractBACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have been associated with reduced skin barrier function, possibly allowing increased penetration of irritants and allergens.
Contact dermatitis.Contact Dermatitis.2014 Jan;70(1):27-34. doi: 10.1111/cod.12109. Epub 2013 Jul 15.
BACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have been associated with reduced skin barrier function, possibly allowing increased penetration of irritants and allergens.OBJECTIVES: To study whether FLG loss-of-function mutation carriers show different rates of sensitization to
PMID 23848345

Cholesterol- and lanolin-rich diets may protect against steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rabbits.

Zhao G1, Yamamoto T, Motomura G, Yamaguchi R, Ikemura S, Iwasaki K, Iwamoto Y.Author information 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kyushu University, Fukuoka , Japan .AbstractBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It remains controversial how hypercholesterolemia influences the development of steroid-induced osteonecrosis (ON). We investigated the role of hypercholesterolemia induced by a cholesterol-rich diet on the development of ON in rabbits.
Acta orthopaedica.Acta Orthop.2013 Dec;84(6):593-7. doi: 10.3109/17453674.2013.859421. Epub 2013 Oct 31.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It remains controversial how hypercholesterolemia influences the development of steroid-induced osteonecrosis (ON). We investigated the role of hypercholesterolemia induced by a cholesterol-rich diet on the development of ON in rabbits.METHODS: 40 adult male Japanese white ra
PMID 24171681

Patch test standard series recommended by the Brazilian Contact Dermatitis Study Group during the 2006-2011 period.

Duarte IA1, Tanaka GM2, Suzuki NM3, Lazzarini R4, Lopes AS5, Volpini BM5, Castro PC6.Author information 1Dermatology Clinic, School of Medicine, Fraternity of Santa Casa de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil, MD, PhD in Medicine - Adjunct Professor at the School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) and assistant at the Dermatology Clinic of the Fraternity of Santa Casa de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.2Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil, MD, Resident physician at the Dermatology Clinic of the Santa Casa de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.3Dermatology Clinic, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil, MD, Specialization program student at the Dermatology Clinic of the Santa Casa de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.4Medicine School, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil, MD, Master's degree in Medicine - Professor at Medicine School, Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.5Medicine School, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brazil, Undergraduate student of Medicine at the School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.6Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil, São PauloSP, Brazil, MD, PhD in Public Health from Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Assistant professor of the Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.AbstractA retrospective study was carried out between 2006-2011. Six hundred and eighteen patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis underwent the standard patch test series recommended by the Brazilian Contact Dermatitis Research Group. The aim of our study was to evaluate the variation of positive patch-test results from standard series year by year. The most frequently positive allergens were: nickel sulfate, thimerosal and potassium bichromate. Decrease of positive patch-test results over the years was statistically significant for: lanolin (p=0.01), neomycin (p=0.01) and anthraquinone (p=0.04). A follow-up study should be useful in determining which allergens could be excluded from standard series, as they may represent low sensitization risk.
Anais brasileiros de dermatologia.An Bras Dermatol.2013 Nov-Dec;88(6):1015-8. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132374.
A retrospective study was carried out between 2006-2011. Six hundred and eighteen patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis underwent the standard patch test series recommended by the Brazilian Contact Dermatitis Research Group. The aim of our study was to evaluate the variation of positiv
PMID 24474122

Japanese Journal

ラノリン (羊毛脂) と表面コーティング

川島裕之
紙パ技協誌 65(5), 469-471, 2011-05-01
NAID 10028222336

17.マイクロアレイを用いたGA処理によるナシ果実細胞肥大関連遺伝子の探索(口頭発表)

板井章浩,田中誠之,川原章平,金城慶一,西谷千佳子,保坂ふみ子,寺上伸吾,矢野加奈子,藤井浩,清水徳朗,山本俊哉
植物化学調節学会研究発表記録集 (45), 34, 2010-10-01
… Pear fruit was treated with GA1, GA3, GA4, GA4+Prohexadione calcium (GA4P) in lanolin paste at five weeks after full bloom (WAF) and the fruit were sampled at two week after the treatment (at 7 WAF). …
NAID 110007767117

Efficacy of Lanolin and Bovine Type I Collagen in the Treatment of Childhood Anal Fissures : A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

BUYUKYAVUZ BEHCET ILKER,SAVAS CAGRI,DUMAN LEVENT
Surgery today : the Japanese journal of surgery 40(8), 752-756, 2010-08-01
NAID 10027397028

化粧品, 医薬部外品成分中の皮膚感作性物質と接触皮膚炎

皆本景子
日本衞生學雜誌 65(1), 20-29, 2010-01-15
… in Japan in 2003, p-phenylenediamine (hair dyes) induced allergic reactions with the highest rate of 7.9% in outpatients patch-tested (n=805), followed by fragrance mix No. 1 (4.0%, mixture of eight fragrances frequently used), colophony (3.2%, main contents of pine resin), lanolin alcohol (2.7%,emollients), and formaldehyde, parabens, Kathon CG (2.7% ,1.9% and 1.0%, respectively; …
NAID 10027649950

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