knowingly

　

WordNet

1. evidencing the possession of inside information (同)wise, wise to
2. a clear and certain mental apprehension
3. highly educated; having extensive information or understanding; "knowing instructors"; "a knowledgeable critic"; "a knowledgeable audience" (同)knowledgeable, learned, lettered, well-educated, well-read

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 知りながら,わざと / 知ったかぶりをして,巧者らしく
2. 知ったかぶりの,物知り顔の / 抜けめのない(smart) / 知っている;(…を)知っている,(…に)精通した《+『about』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/27 23:20:27」(JST)

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In law knowledge is one of the degrees of mens rea that constitute part of a crime. For example, in English law, the offence of knowingly being a passenger in a vehicle taken without consent (TWOC) requires that the prosecution prove, not only that the defendant was a passenger in a vehicle and that it was taken by the driver without consent, the prosecution must also prove that the defendant knew that it was taken without consent.

Under the principle of ignorantia juris non excusat, ignorance of or mistake about the law is no defence. The mens rea of knowledge refers to knowledge about certain facts. It is "a positive belief that a state of affairs exists."

Knowledge can be actual, constructive, or imputed.

Actual knowledge

A defendant does not have actual knowledge if he believes something to the contrary. The standard is subjective and the belief of the defendant need not be reasonable, only honest. For example, in R v. Williams the defendant intervened in what he thought was a mugging but was in fact a citizen's arrest. His mistake was upheld as a defense against a charge of assault. In Beckford v. R the defendant was a police officer who shot and killed V. Beckford claimed that he believed that V was shooting at him. It was found that the correct test was whether D "honestly believed" facts which, if true, would establish a defence. The reasonableness of the belief would be evidential in finding whether it was truly believed.

Constructive knowledge

Knowledge is also found where a defendant suspects that circumstances exist and "deliberately decides not to make any further enquiries" in case his suspicions prove well founded. A common example is a person who purchases significantly inexpensive and unprovenanced, but desirable items from a stranger. Such a person is likely to be fixed with constructive knowledge that the items were stolen.

Imputed knowledge

This is relevant in strict liability offences and in corporate crime. For example, if a bar manager delegates his duties to others and those others know of unlawful activities on the premises, the manager can be fixed with imputed knowledge of the unlawful activities.

References

Bibliography

• Herring, J. (2004). Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-19-876578-9. 

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English Journal

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Japanese Journal

• ペトルス・アベラルドゥス『倫理学』における「同意」

• 高橋 雅人
• 論集 53(3), 23-38, 2007-03-15
• … He then argues that when the Law commands "do not do this" it means "do not consent to do this", that is, "do no to do this knowingly." Thus Abelard internalizes sin. …
• NAID 110006426988

• プラトン『国家』における<気概>の概念

• 西尾 浩二
• 西洋古典學研究 53, 92-102, 2005-03-08
• … under this heading, I include the same kinds of interpretation as Penner's (that is, Cornford, Hardie, Robinson), but take up his as representative According to him, although this third part of the soul is not psychologically well-founded in Plato's argument, Plato knowingly introduces it, in order to draw the analogy between city and soul I ciiticize this interpretation because Plato's argument in fact, apart from the analogy, depends upon the fact of psychological conflict (together with the principles of the opposition), exemplified in two …
• NAID 110007386008

• 組織における反道徳的行為 : 人は何故、悪と知りつつそれを成すのか

• 中村 秋生
• 共栄大学研究論集 1, 41-60, 2003-03-31
• 善良なる人々が、何故組織において悪をなすのか。この論文の目的は、その要因を個人と組織の両側面から解明することにある。反道徳的行為発生の個人的要因として、個人の認知的側面と心理的側面をあげ、無意識の次元(自身が直面している状況が道徳的判断を必要としていることに気づかない場合)、判断ミスの次元(善悪の境界が曖昧な領域や複雑な道徳的ジレンマ状況において道徳的に正しい判断ができない場合)、意図的行為の次元 …
• NAID 110000041241

Related Links

• knowinglyの意味 - 英和辞書 - 英語辞書 - goo辞書

knowinglyとは。意味や和訳。[副]知ったかぶりをして；抜け目なく；故意に. - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録し、発音、音声、慣用句、例文が分かる英和辞書です。

• knowinglyの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

knowingly 【副】知ったかぶりをして、何のことか分かっているというふうに、心... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

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