関: kJ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/26 03:48:39」(JST)

wiki en

The joule (/ˈdʒuːl/ or sometimes /ˈdʒaʊl/), symbol J, is a derived unit of energy, work, or amount of heat in the International System of Units.^[1] It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N·m), or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).^[2]^[3]^[4]

In terms firstly of base SI units and then in terms of other SI units:

where kg is the kilogram, m is the metre, s is the second, N is the newton, Pa is the pascal, W is the watt, C is the coulomb, and V is the volt.

One joule can also be defined as:

The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt, or one '"coulomb volt" (C·V). This relationship can be used to define the volt.
The work required to produce one watt of power for one second, or one "watt second" (W·s) (compare kilowatt hour). This relationship can be used to define the watt.

Usage

This SI unit is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (J). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (joule), except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

Confusion with newton-metre

In angular mechanics, torque is analogous to the linear Newtonian mechanics parameter of force, moment of inertia to mass, and angle to distance. Energy is the same in both systems. Thus, although the joule has the same dimensions as the newton-metre (1 J = 1 N·m = 1 kg·m²·s⁻²), these units are not interchangeable: the CGPM has given the unit of energy the name "joule", but has not given the unit of torque any special name, hence the unit of torque is known as the newton-metre (N·m) - a compound name derived from its constituent parts.^[5] Torque and energy are related to each other using the equation

where E is the energy, τ is the torque, and θ is the angle moved (in radians). Since radians are dimensionless, it follows that torque and energy have the same dimensions.

The use of newton-metres for torque and joules for energy is useful in helping avoid misunderstandings and miscommunications.^[5]

An additional solution is to realize that joules are scalars – they are the dot product of a vector force and a vector displacement whereas torque is a vector. Torque is the cross product of a distance vector and a force vector. Drawing a traditional vector arrow over "newton-metre" in a torque resolves the ambiguity.

Practical examples

One joule in everyday life represents approximately:

the energy required to lift a small apple (with a mass of approximately 100 g) vertically through one metre of air.
the energy released when that same apple falls one metre to the ground.
the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 0.24 K.^[6]
the typical energy released as heat by a person at rest every 1/60 second (approximately 17 ms).^[7]
the kinetic energy of a 50 kg human moving very slowly (0.2 m/s or 0.72 km/h).
the kinetic energy of a 56 g tennis ball moving at 6 m/s (22 km/h).^[8]
the kinetic energy of an object with mass 1 kg moving at √2 ≈ 1.4 m/s.

Since the joule is also a watt-second and the common unit for electricity sales to homes is the kW·h (kilowatt-hour), a kW·h is thus 1000 (kilo) × 3600 seconds = 3.6 MJ (megajoules).

Multiples

For additional examples, see: Orders of magnitude (energy)

Nanojoule

The nanojoule (nJ) is equal to one billionth of one joule. One nanojoule is about 1/160 of the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito.^[9]

Microjoule

The microjoule (μJ) is equal to one millionth of one joule. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is expected to produce collisions on the order of 1 microjoule (7 TeV) per particle.

Millijoule

The millijoule (mJ) is equal to one thousandth of a joule.

Kilojoule

The kilojoule (kJ) is equal to one thousand (10³) joules. Nutritional food labels in certain countries express energy in standard kilojoules (kJ).

One kilojoule per second (1 kilowatt) is approximately the amount of solar radiation received by one square metre of the Earth in full daylight.^[10]

Megajoule

The megajoule (MJ) is equal to one million (10⁶) joules, or approximately the kinetic energy of a one-tonne vehicle moving at 160 km/h (100 mph).

Because 1 watt times 1 second equals 1 joule, 1 kilowatt-hour is 1000 watts times 3600 seconds, or 3.6 megajoules.

Gigajoule

The gigajoule (GJ) is equal to one billion (10⁹) joules. 6 GJ is about the amount of potential chemical energy in a barrel of oil, when combusted.^[11]

Terajoule

The terajoule (TJ) is equal to one trillion (10¹²) joules. About 63 TJ of energy was released by the atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima.^[12] The International Space Station, with a mass of approximately 450,000 kg and orbital velocity of 7.7 km/s,^[13] has a kinetic energy of roughly 13 TJ.

Petajoule

The petajoule (PJ) is equal to one quadrillion (10¹⁵) joules. 210 PJ is equivalent to about 50 megatons of TNT. This is the amount of energy released by the Tsar Bomba, the largest man-made nuclear explosion ever.

Exajoule

The exajoule (EJ) is equal to one quintillion (10¹⁸) joules. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan had 1.41 EJ of energy according to its 9.0 on the moment magnitude scale. Energy in the United States used per year is roughly 94 EJ.

Zettajoule

The zettajoule (ZJ) is equal to one sextillion (10²¹) joules. Annual global energy consumption is approximately 0.5 ZJ.

Yottajoule

The yottajoule (YJ) is equal to one septillion (10²⁴) joules. This is approximately the amount of energy required to heat the entire volume of water on Earth by 1 °C.

Conversions

1 joule is equal to:

1×10⁷ ergs (exactly)
6.24150974×10¹⁸ eV (electronvolts)
0.2390 cal (thermochemical gram calories or small calories)
2.3901×10⁻⁴ kcal (thermochemical kilocalories, kilogram calories, large calories or food calories)
9.4782×10⁻⁴ BTU (British thermal unit)
0.7376 ft·lb (foot-pounds)
23.7 ft·pdl (foot-poundals)
2.7778×10⁻⁷ kilowatt-hour
2.7778×10⁻⁴ watt-hour
9.8692×10⁻³ litre-atmosphere
11.1265 femtograms (mass-energy equivalence)
1×10⁻⁴⁴ foe (exactly)

Units defined exactly in terms of the joule include:

1 thermochemical calorie = 4.184 J^[14]
1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J^[15]
1 watt hour = 3600 J
1 kilowatt hour = 3.6×10⁶ J (or 3.6 MJ)
1 watt second = 1 J
1 ton TNT = 4.184 GJ

Notes and references

^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (8th ed.), p. 120, ISBN 92-822-2213-6
^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Online Edition (2009). Houghton Mifflin Co., hosted by Yahoo! Education.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition (1985). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 691.
^ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Physics, Fifth Edition (1997). McGraw-Hill, Inc., p. 224.
^ ^a ^b From the official SI website: "A derived unit can often be expressed in different ways by combining base units with derived units having special names. Joule, for example, may formally be written newton metre, or kilogram metre squared per second squared. This, however, is an algebraic freedom to be governed by common sense physical considerations; in a given situation some forms may be more helpful than others. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit names, to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension."
^ "Units of Heat - BTU, Calorie and Joule". Engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
^ This is called the basal metabolic rate. It corresponds to about 5,000 kJ (1,200 kcal) per day. The kilocalorie (symbol kcal) is also known as the dietary calorie. "At rest" means awake but inactive.
^ Ristinen, Robert A.; Kraushaar, Jack J. (2006). Energy and the Environment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-73989-8.
^ CERN - Glossary
^ "Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present". Retrieved 2005-10-05.
^ IRS publication
^ Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-8819, The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions by John Malik, September 1985. Available online at http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf
^ International Space Station Fact Sheet
^ The adoption of joules as units of energy, FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971. A report on the changeover from calories to joules in nutrition.
^ Feynman, Richard (1963). "Physical Units". Feynman's Lectures on Physics. Retrieved 2014-03-07.

English Journal

Design and initial results from a kilojoule level Dense Plasma Focus with hollow anode and cylindrically symmetric gas puff.

Ellsworth JL, Falabella S, Tang V, Schmidt A, Guethlein G, Hawkins S, Rusnak B.
The Review of scientific instruments.Rev Sci Instrum.2014 Jan;85(1):013504. doi: 10.1063/1.4859495.
We have designed and built a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) Z-pinch device using a kJ-level capacitor bank and a hollow anode, and fueled by a cylindrically symmetric gas puff. Using this device, we have measured peak deuteron beam energies of up to 400 keV at 0.8 kJ capacitor bank energy and pinch length
PMID 24517762

Experimental approach to interaction physics challenges of the shock ignition scheme using short pulse lasers.

Goyon C1, Depierreux S1, Yahia V2, Loisel G2, Baccou C2, Courvoisier C1, Borisenko NG3, Orekhov A3, Rosmej O4, Labaune C2.
Physical review letters.Phys Rev Lett.2013 Dec 6;111(23):235006. Epub 2013 Dec 5.
An experimental program was designed to study the most important issues of laser-plasma interaction physics in the context of the shock ignition scheme. In the new experiments presented in this Letter, a combination of kilojoule and short laser pulses was used to study the laser-plasma coupling at h
PMID 24476284

Weight management interventions in adults with intellectual disabilities and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence.

Spanos D1, Melville CA, Hankey CR.
Nutrition journal.Nutr J.2013 Sep 23;12:132. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-132.
To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of weight management interventions in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and obesity using recommendations from current clinical guidelines for the first line management of obesity in adults. Full papers on lifestyle modification interventions published
PMID 24060348

Japanese Journal

Low Pressure Helium Cooled Active Mirror Amplifiers for HiPER KiloJoule Beamlines

Plasma and Fusion Research 8(0), 3404043-3404043, 2013
NAID 130004467869

Observation of Complex Optical Processes in ZnSe under Extreme Optical Excitation from a Kilojoule-Class Nd:Glass Laser

Jpn J Appl Phys 49(6), 062601-062601-3, 2010-06-25
NAID 150000054254

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「kJ」

	Joule
Unit system	SI derived unit
Unit of	Energy
Symbol	J
Named after	James Prescott Joule
	Unit conversions
1 J in...	is equal to...
SI base units	1 kg·m2/s2
CGS units	1×107 erg
kilowatt hours	2.78×10−7 kW⋅h
kilocalories	2.39×10−4 kcal
BTUs	9.48×10−4 BTU
electronvolts	6.24×1018 eV

　　[★]

キロジュール

関: kilojoule

[1] International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (8th ed.), p. 120, ISBN 92-822-2213-6

[2] American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Online Edition (2009). Houghton Mifflin Co., hosted by Yahoo! Education.

[3] The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition (1985). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 691.

[4] McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Physics, Fifth Edition (1997). McGraw-Hill, Inc., p. 224.

[BIPM2-5] From the official SI website: "A derived unit can often be expressed in different ways by combining base units with derived units having special names. Joule, for example, may formally be written newton metre, or kilogram metre squared per second squared. This, however, is an algebraic freedom to be governed by common sense physical considerations; in a given situation some forms may be more helpful than others. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit names, to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension."

[6] "Units of Heat - BTU, Calorie and Joule". Engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.

[7] This is called the basal metabolic rate. It corresponds to about 5,000 kJ (1,200 kcal) per day. The kilocalorie (symbol kcal) is also known as the dietary calorie. "At rest" means awake but inactive.

[8] Ristinen, Robert A.; Kraushaar, Jack J. (2006). Energy and the Environment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-73989-8.

[9] CERN - Glossary

[TSI-10] "Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present". Retrieved 2005-10-05.

[11] IRS publication

[12] Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-8819, The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions by John Malik, September 1985. Available online at http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf

[13] International Space Station Fact Sheet

[FAO-14] The adoption of joules as units of energy, FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971. A report on the changeover from calories to joules in nutrition.

[15] Feynman, Richard (1963). "Physical Units". Feynman's Lectures on Physics. Retrieved 2014-03-07.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

kilojoule