WordNet

any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/27 17:30:38」(JST)

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Fructose, an example of a ketose. The ketone group is the double-

bonded oxygen.

A ketose is a sugar containing one ketone group per molecule.^[1]^[2]

With three carbon atoms, dihydroxyacetone is the simplest of all ketoses and is the only one having no optical activity. Ketoses can isomerize into an aldose when the carbonyl group is located at the end of the molecule. Such ketoses are reducing sugars.

List of ketoses

All ketoses listed here are 2-ketones:

Trioses: dihydroxyacetone
Tetroses: erythrulose
Pentoses: ribulose, xylulose
Hexoses: fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose
Heptoses: sedoheptulose
Octoses: D-manno-octulose (the basis for KDO)
Nonoses: D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulose (the basis for neuraminic acid)

Qualitative reaction

General qualitative reaction for ketoses is Seliwanoff's test.

References

^ Lindhorst, Thisbe K. (2007). Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry (1st ed.). Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-31528-4.
^ Robyt, John F. (1997). Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-94951-8.

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

English Journal

One-pot four-enzyme synthesis of ketoses with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases from Staphylococcus carnosus and rabbit muscle.

Li Z, Cai L, Wei M, Wang PG.SourceNational Glycoengineering Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
Carbohydrate research.Carbohydr Res.2012 Aug 1;357:143-6. Epub 2012 May 15.
By the action of d-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolases (FruA) from rabbit muscle and Staphylococcus carnosus, various ketoses were synthesized from glyceraldehydes or other aliphatic aldehydes as acceptors in a one-pot four-enzyme system.Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID 22727596

p53 Mutagenesis by Benzo[a]Pyrene derived Radical Cations.

Sen S, Bhojnagarwala P, Francey L, Lu D, Penning TM, Field J.AbstractBenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a major human carcinogen in combustion products such as cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust, is metabolically activated into DNA-reactive metabolites via three different enzymatic pathways. The pathways are the anti-(+)-benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9, 10-epoxide pathway (P450/ epoxide hydrolase catalyzed) (B[a]PDE), the benzo[a]pyrene o-quinone pathway (aldo ketose reductase (AKR) catalyzed) and the B[a]P radical cation pathway (P450 peroxidase catalyzed). We used a yeast p53 mutagenesis system to assess mutagenesis by B[a]P radical cations. Because radical cations are short-lived, they were generated in situ by reacting B[a]P with cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) and horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and then monitoring the generation of the more stable downstream products, B[a]P-1,6-dione and B[a]P-3,6-dione. Based on the B[a]P-1,6 and 3,6-dione formation, approximately 4M of radical cation was generated. In the mutagenesis assays, the radical cations produced in situ showed a dose-dependent increase in mutagenicity from 0.25 M to 10 M B[a]P with no significant increase seen with further escalation to 50 M B[a]P. However, mutagenesis was 200-fold less than with the AKR pathway derived B[a]P, 7-8 dione. Mutant p53 plasmids, which yield red colonies, were recovered from the yeast to study the pattern and spectrum of mutations. The mutation pattern observed was G to T (31%) > G to C (29%) > G to A (14%). The frequency of codons mutated by the B[a]P radical cations was essentially random and not enriched at known cancer hotspots. The quinone products of radical cations, B[a]P-1,6-dione and B[a]P-3,6-dione were more mutagenic than the radical cation reactions, but still less mutagenic than AKR derived B[a]P-7,8-dione. We conclude that B[a]P radical cations and their quinone products are weakly mutagenic in this yeast-based system compared to redox cycling PAH o-quinones.
Chemical research in toxicology.Chem Res Toxicol.2012 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a major human carcinogen in combustion products such as cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust, is metabolically activated into DNA-reactive metabolites via three different enzymatic pathways. The pathways are the anti-(+)-benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9, 10-epoxide pathway (P450/ epo
PMID 22768918

Japanese Journal

Retro-aldol-type fragmentation of reducing sugars preferentially occurring in polyether at high temperature: Role of the ether oxygen as a base catalyst

Matsuoka Seiji,Kawamoto Haruo,Saka Shiro
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 93, 24-32, 2012-01-00
… An aldose–ketose isomerization and retro-aldol fragmentation including a six-membered cyclic transition state were suggested as the principle mechanisms. …
NAID 80022460183