jogging

• ジョギング

　 　

WordNet

1. running at a jog trot as a form of cardiopulmonary exercise

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ジョギング(健康法としての軽いランニング)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/18 15:07:22」(JST)

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Woman jogging with a dog on Carcavelos Beach

Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running, or to maintain a steady speed for longer periods of time. Performed over long distances, it is a form of aerobic endurance training.

Definition

Evening jogger

Jogging is running at a gentle pace. The definition of jogging as compared with running is not standard. One definition describes jogging as running slower than 6 miles per hour (10 km/h).

Jogging is also distinguished from running by having a wider lateral spacing of foot strikes, creating side-to-side movement that likely adds stability at slower speeds or when coordination is lacking.

History

The etymology of the word jog is unknown, but it may be related to shog or be a new invention in the 16th century. In 1593 William Shakespeare wrote in Taming of the Shrew, "you may be jogging whiles your boots are green". At that point, it usually meant to leave. The term jog was often used in English and North American literature to describe short quick movements, either intentional or unintentional. It is also used to describe a quick, sharp shake or jar. Richard Jefferies, an English naturalist, wrote of "joggers", describing them as quickly moving people who brushed others aside as they passed. The term jog originated in England in the mid-16th century. This usage became common throughout the British Empire, and in his 1884 novel My Run Home the Australian author Rolf Boldrewood wrote "your bedroom curtains were still drawn as I passed on my morning jog".

In the United States jogging was called "roadwork" when athletes in training, such as boxers, customarily ran several miles each day as part of their conditioning. In New Zealand during the 1960s or 1970s the word "roadwork" was mostly supplanted by the word "jogging", promoted by coach Arthur Lydiard, who is credited with popularizing jogging. The idea of jogging as an organised activity was mooted in a sports page article in the New Zealand Herald in February 1962, which told of a group of former athletes and fitness enthusiasts who would meet once a week to run for "fitness and sociability". Since they would be jogging, the newspaper suggested that the club "may be called the Auckland Joggers' Club"—which is thought to be the first use of the noun "jogger". University of Oregon track coach Bill Bowerman, after jogging with Lydiard in New Zealand in 1962, published the book Jogging in 1966, popularizing jogging in the United States.

Burundi jogging ban

In March 2014 jogging was banned in Burundi due to "fears it was being used as a cover for subversion". According to the BBC, "The tradition of Saturday morning runs started during Burundi's long years of ethnic conflict", as residents in the city of Bujumbura, where the surrounding hills were home to armed militants before 2005, "would try to vent their fear and frustration and claustrophobia, by running, often in a group".

Exercise

Members of the United States Air Force Academy American football team jog on Waikiki beach, Hawaii.

Jogging may also be used as a warm up or cool down for runners, preceding or following a workout or race. It is often used by serious runners as a means of active recovery during interval training. For example, a runner who completes a fast 400 metre repetition at a sub-5-minute mile pace may drop to an 8-minute mile jogging pace for a recovery lap.

Jogging can be used as a method to increase endurance or to provide a means of cardiovascular exercise but with less stress on joints or demand on the circulatory system.

Benefits

According to a study by Stanford University School of Medicine, jogging is effective in increasing human lifespan, and decreasing the effects of aging, with benefits for the cardiovascular system. Jogging is useful for fighting obesity and staying healthy.

The National Cancer Institute has performed studies that suggest jogging and other types of aerobic exercise can reduce the risk of lung, colon, breast and prostate cancers, among others. It is suggested by the American Cancer Society that jogging for at least 30 minutes five days a week can help in cancer prevention.

While jogging on a treadmill will provide health benefits such as cancer prevention, and aid in weight loss, a study published in BMC Public Health reports that jogging outdoors can have the additional benefits of increased energy and concentration. Jogging outdoors is a better way to improve energy levels and advance mood than using a treadmill at the gym.

Jogging also prevents muscle and bone damage that often occurs with age, improves heart performance and blood circulation and assists in preserving a balanced weight gain.

A Danish study released in 2015 reported that "light" and "moderate" jogging were associated with reduced mortality compared to both non-jogging and "strenuous" jogging. The optimal amount per week was 1 to 2.4 hours, the optimal frequency was 2–3 times per week, and the optimal speed was "slow" or "average".

See also

• Outline of running

References

General bibliography

• Fixx, James. The Complete Book of Running (Hardcover), Random House; 1st edition, 12 September 1977. ISBN 0-394-41159-5.
• Fixx, James. Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running (Hardcover), Random House; 1st edition, 12 March 1980. ISBN 0-394-50898-X.
• Bowerman, William J.; Harris, W.E.; Shea, James M. Jogging, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1967. LCCN 67016154.

External links

• Calculator for amount of calories burned while jogging depending on age, body mass, and gender at WolframAlpha

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 下肢ランニング障害の概要 overview of running injuries of the lower extremity
• 2. 運動の利益とリスク the benefits and risks of exercise
• 3. 成人における膝痛の総合的評価 general evaluation of the adult with knee pain
• 4. 膝蓋大腿部痛症候群 patellofemoral pain syndrome
• 5. Cuboid and cuneiform fractures

English Journal

• Simulation of aperiodic bipedal sprinting.

• Celik H, Piazza SJ.AbstractSynthesis of legged locomotion through dynamic simulation is useful for exploration of the mechanical and control variables that contribute to efficient gait. Most previous simulations have made use of periodicity constraints, a sensible choice for investigations of steady-state walking or running. Sprinting from rest, however, is aperiodic by nature and this aperiodicity is central to the goal of the movement, as performance is determined in large part by a rapid acceleration phase early in the race. The purpose of this study was to create a novel simulation of aperiodic sprinting using a modified spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) biped model. The optimal control problem was to find the set of controls that minimized the time for the model to run 20 m, and this problem was solved using a direct multiple shooting algorithm that converts the original continuous time problem into piecewise discrete subproblems. The resulting nonlinear programming problem was solved iteratively using a sequential quadratic programming method. The starting point for the optimizer was an initial guess simulation that was a slow alternating-gait "jogging" simulation developed using proportional-derivative feedback to control trunk attitude, swing leg angle, and leg retraction and extension. The optimized aperiodic sprint simulation solution yielded a substantial improvement in locomotion time over the initial guess (2.79 s versus 6.64 s). Following optimization, the model produced forward impulses at the start of the sprint that were four times greater than those of the initial guess simulation, producing more rapid acceleration. Several gait features demonstrated in the optimized sprint simulation correspond to behaviors of human sprinters: forward trunk lean at the start; straightening of the trunk during acceleration; and a dive at the finish. Optimization resulted in reduced foot contact times (0.065 s versus 0.210 s), but contact times early in the optimized simulation were longer to facilitate acceleration. The present study represents the first simulation of multistep aperiodic sprinting with optimal controls. Although the minimized objective function was simple, the model replicated several complex behaviors such as modulation of the foot contact and executing a forward dive at the finish line. None of these observed behaviors were imposed explicitly by constraints but rather were "discovered" by the optimizer. These methods will be extended by addition of musculotendon actuators and joints in order to gain understanding of the influence of musculoskeletal mechanics on gait speed.
• Journal of biomechanical engineering.J Biomech Eng.2013 Aug 1;135(8):81008-8. doi: 10.1115/1.4024577.
• Synthesis of legged locomotion through dynamic simulation is useful for exploration of the mechanical and control variables that contribute to efficient gait. Most previous simulations have made use of periodicity constraints, a sensible choice for investigations of steady-state walking or running.
• PMID 23722442

• The Effect of High vs. Low Carbohydrate Diets on Distances Covered in Soccer.

• Souglis AG, Chryssanthopoulos CI, Travlos AK, Zorzou AE, Gissis IT, Papadopoulos CN, Sotiropoulos AA.Source1Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 2Department of Sport Management, University of Peloponnese, Peloponnese, Greece 3Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece 4Department of Physical Education and Sport Science of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
• Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association.J Strength Cond Res.2013 Aug;27(8):2235-47. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182792147.
• Souglis, AG, Chryssanthopoulos, CI, Travlos, AK, Zorzou, AE, Gissis, IT, Papadopoulos, CN, and Sotiropoulos, AA. The effect of high vs. low carbohydrate diets on distances covered in soccer. J Strength Cond Res 27(8): 2235-2247, 2013-The purpose of this study was to compare the distances covered dur
• PMID 23168373

• Positional Differences in Match Running Performance and Physical Collisions in Men Rugby Sevens.

• Suarez-Arrones L, Arenas C, López G, Requena B, Terrill O, Mendez-Villanueva A.SourceFaculty of Sport Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain.
• International journal of sports physiology and performance.Int J Sports Physiol Perform.2013 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]
• Purpose: This study describes the physical match demands relative to positional group in male rugby sevens. Methods: Ten highly-trained players were investigated during competitive matches (n=23) using GPS technology, heart rate and video recording. Results: The mean total distance covered by the pl
• PMID 23881362

Japanese Journal

• スロージョギングの有効性に関する研究 : 低速走行と歩行の生理学的データの比較から

• 北嶋 康雄,佐々木 唯香,田中 宏暁
• ランニング学研究 25(1), 19-27, 2014-02
• NAID 40020059140

• 1-B-10 Physiological adjustment to exercise : Cellular response to the mechanical stimuli (3) Mild jogging accelerates the physical adaptation of the knee soft tissue cells to the extracellular matrix(The Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meetings of Japan Society of Exercise and Sports Physiology July 27 ・ 28, (Saitama))

• ATOMI Yoriko,Lee Sawako,SHIMIZU Miho,FUJITA Eri,ATOMI Tomoaki,HIROSE Noboru,TANAKA Kazuya
• Advances in exercise and sports physiology 19(4), 111, 2013-12
• NAID 110009687770

• 肥満の予防・管理における運動 (特集 心・血管疾患と運動・スポーツ)

• 道下 竜馬,田中 宏暁
• 循環器内科 73(1), 26-33, 2013-01
• NAID 40019577888

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