潮間帯

関: tidal zone

WordNet

regulate housing in; of certain areas of towns (同)district
any of the regions of the surface of the Earth loosely divided according to latitude or longitude (同)geographical zone
(anatomy) any encircling or beltlike structure (同)zona
a locally circumscribed place characterized by some distinctive features
an area or region distinguished from adjacent parts by a distinctive feature or characteristic
dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
of or relating to the littoral area above the low-tide mark

PrepTutorEJDIC

(何らかの目的・特徴などによって他の地域と区別された)『地帯』,地域,地区(belt, area) / (気候によって地球を大別した)帯(たい) / 《米》(交通・郵便などの)同一料金区域;(郵便番号で分けた)郵便区 / (環状の)ベルト,輪,帯 / …‘を'地帯(地区)に分ける / (…の目的に)〈地域〉‘を'区画規制する《+名+as(for)+名》 / …‘を'帯で巻く,‘に'帯印をつける
(都市計画の)区画制,地区制
(海岸の)干潮線と高潮線との間の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/05 19:11:57」(JST)

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Bancao Beach at Low Tide showing Intertidal Zone from about 200 m from the beach

The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide (in other words, the area between tide marks). This area can include many different types of habitats, with many types of animals, such as starfish, sea urchins, and numerous species of coral. The well-known area also includes steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats). The area can be a narrow strip, as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion.

Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes. Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations. The action of waves can dislodge residents in the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to the sun, the temperature range can be anything from very hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates. Some microclimates in the littoral zone are ameliorated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves. Adaptation in the littoral zone allows the use of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the sea which is actively moved to the zone by tides. Edges of habitats, in this case land and sea, are themselves often significant ecologies, and the littoral zone is a prime example.

A typical rocky shore can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the supratidal zone), which is above the spring high-tide line and is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along most shores, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number of marine biomes or habitats, including estuaries, neritic, surface and deep zones.

Zonation

Tide pools at Pillar Point showing zonation on the edge of the rock ledge

A rock, seen at low tide, exhibiting typical intertidal zonation, Kalaloch, Washington, western USA.

Marine biologists divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone. The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on the splash zone (the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavy wave action, the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone.

Depending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. On rocky shores, tide pools form in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those at Morecambe Bay, quicksand may form.

Low tide zone (lower littoral)

This subregion is mostly submerged - it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life; the most notable difference with this subregion to the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especially seaweeds. There is also a great biodiversity. Organisms in this zone generally are not well adapted to periods of dryness and temperature extremes. Some of the organisms in this area are abalone, sea anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranchs, sculpin, sea cucumber, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, sea urchins, shrimp, snails, sponges, surf grass, tube worms, and whelks. Creatures in this area can grow to larger sizes because there is more available energy in the localized ecosystem. Also, marine vegetation can grow to much greater sizes than in the other three intertidal subregions due to the better water coverage. The water is shallow enough to allow plenty of light to reach the vegetation to allow substantial photosynthetic activity, and the salinity is at almost normal levels. This area is also protected from large predators such as fish because of the wave action and the relatively shallow water.

Ecology

A California tide pool in the low tide zone

The intertidal region is an important model system for the study of ecology, especially on wave-swept rocky shores. The region contains a high diversity of species, and the zonation created by the tides causes species ranges to be compressed into very narrow bands. This makes it relatively simple to study species across their entire cross-shore range, something that can be extremely difficult in, for instance, terrestrial habitats that can stretch thousands of kilometres. Communities on wave-swept shores also have high turnover due to disturbance, so it is possible to watch ecological succession over years rather than decades.

Since the foreshore is alternately covered by the sea and exposed to the air, organisms living in this environment must have adaptions for both wet and dry conditions. Hazards include being smashed or carried away by rough waves, exposure to dangerously high temperatures, and desiccation. Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore include urchins, sea anemones, barnacles, chitons, crabs, isopods, mussels, sea stars, and many marine gastropod molluscs such as limpets and whelks.

Legal issues

As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over the ownership and use of the foreshore. One recent example is the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy. In legal discussions the foreshore is often referred to as the wet-sand area.

For privately owned beaches in the United States, some states such as Massachusetts use the low water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of the beach owner. Other states such as California use the high-water mark.

In the UK, the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by the Crown although there are notable exceptions, especially what are termed several fisheries which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to King John's time or earlier, and the Udal Law, which applies generally in Orkney and Shetland.

In Greece, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast which might be reached by the maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the “usually maximum winter waves” and of course not to exceptional cases, such as tsunamis etc.). The foreshore zone, apart of the exceptions of the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it.

Other media

The Intertidal Zone was used as a title for Stephen Hillenburg's old comic strip. The comic strip starred "Bob The Sponge", who would later go on to become SpongeBob SquarePants.

Gallery

Mussels in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England.
Barnacles and limpets in the intertidal zone near Newquay, Cornwall.
A tidal pool in the intertidal zone during low tide, Sunrise-on-Sea, South Africa.
Unexplained crumbs of sand which appear to have been deposited around stone by escaping air.

References

External links

Enchanted Learning
Enyclopædia Britannica
Watch the online documentary The Intertidal Zone

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Metabolic mechanisms for anoxia tolerance and freezing survival in the intertidal gastropod, Littorina littorea.

Storey KB, Lant B, Anozie OO, Storey JM.SourceInstitute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada. Electronic address: kenneth_storey@carleton.ca.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2013 Aug;165(4):448-59. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.009. Epub 2013 Mar 16.
The gastropod mollusk, Littorina littorea L., is a common inhabitant of the intertidal zone along rocky coastlines of the north Atlantic. This species has well-developed anoxia tolerance and freeze tolerance and is extensively used as a model for exploring the biochemical adaptations that support th
PMID 23507570

Phylogeny and systematic revision of the karyorelictid genus Remanella (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea) with descriptions of two new species.

Xu Y, Gao S, Hu X, Al-Rasheid KA, Song W.SourceLaboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
European journal of protistology.Eur J Protistol.2013 Aug;49(3):438-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2012.12.001. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
We present here the systematic relationships and taxonomy of some newly collected karyorelictid ciliates from the genus Remanella isolated from the intertidal zone in China. Three species were investigated using observation in vivo and silver staining methods, of which two new species were identifie
PMID 23434324

Proteomic and metabolomic responses of clam Ruditapes philippinarum to arsenic exposure under different salinities.

Wu H, Liu X, Zhang X, Ji C, Zhao J, Yu J.SourceKey Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China. Electronic address: hfwu@yic.ac.cn.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2013 Jul 15;136-137:91-100. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.03.020. Epub 2013 Apr 17.
Arsenic (As) contamination is a severe problem in the intertidal zones of the Bohai Sea (China) with wide salinity variation. In the present study, we combined proteomics and metabolomics to characterize the differential responses of arsenic in clam Ruditapes philippinarum under different salinities
PMID 23660018

Japanese Journal

三番瀬干潟の潮間帯にみられた外来性二枚貝ホンビノスガイMercenaria mercenariaに関する情報

SHINJI Junpei,TERUYA Shinnosuke,ICHIDA Kensuke [他]
うみ 51(3・4), 85-90, 2013-12
NAID 40019969617

和歌山県田辺湾内ノ浦の潮間帯のコアマモZostera japonica群落におけるウメノハナガイPillucina pisidium(二枚貝綱,ツキガイ科)の分布と生息環境

上出貴士,山内信,高橋芳明
日本ベントス学会誌 68(1・2), 28-36, 2013-12
NAID 40019957572

和歌山県田辺湾内ノ浦の潮間帯におけるスジホシムシモドキSiphonosoma cumanenseとイケダホシムシGolfingia margaritacea margaritacea(星口動物門,スジホシムシ綱)の分布と生息環境

上出貴士
南紀生物 55(2), 145-151, 2013-12
NAID 40019925501

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「潮間帯」「tidal zone」
関連記事	「zone」

「潮間帯」

　　[★]

英: intertidal zone、tidal zone

「tidal zone」

　　[★]

潮間帯

関: intertidal zone

「zone」

　　[★]

n.

ゾーン、帯域、帯、地帯

関: band、cingulum、marginal、zona、zonae、zonal

匿名

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案内

案内

intertidal zone