本能

WordNet

(followed by `with' (同)replete
inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli; "the spawning instinct in salmon"; "altruistic instincts in social animals" (同)inherent aptitude
as a matter of instinct; "he instinctively grabbed the knife"
(psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die (同)death_wish, Thanatos

PrepTutorEJDIC

『本能』 / 〈C〉(…に対する)(生まれつきの)才能,素質,天分《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》
(…に)満ちた《+『with』+『名』》
本能的に
本能的な,天性の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/30 03:46:59」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

Instinct（インスティンクト）は日本の音楽ユニットのGRANRODEOの2枚目のアルバム。

解説[編集]

前作未収録のシングル「HEAVEN」から、2008年前半発売の「デタラメな残像」までのシングル3枚の表題曲を収録、またテレビドラマ『キューティーハニー THE LIVE』のコンピレーション・アルバムに収録した挿入歌も収録している。
「これまでのGRANRODEOをすべて網羅する」目的で作られた前作と違い、今作は「アルバムを作る」ことをコンセプトとし、ロック色が全面に押し出された1枚に仕上がっている。収録曲の半分以上はこのために書かれたオリジナル楽曲で、前出のマキシシングルに収録されたカップリング曲は全て未収録である。
「甘い痛みは幻想の果てに」はe-ZUKAがテレビ東京系アニメーション『ネオアンジェリークAbyss Second age』に提供した「SILENT DESTINY」（歌：オーブハンター4）が原曲。歌詞をKISHOWが書き直しアレンジも刷新した。オーブハンター4版と比べ、KISHOWの音域に合わせキーを2音半分上げている。今作の中でこの曲のみ、アルバム発売に先駆けiTunes Storeにてネット配信された。
今作発売後「Darlin'」をシングルカットし発売した。トラック1、2にカップリング2曲を収録し、Darlin'自体はトラック3に収められている。

収録曲[編集]

（全曲）作詞：谷山紀章、作曲・編曲：飯塚昌明

Black out
- テレビ東京『アニソンぷらす』オープニングテーマ。PVも製作されている。
デタラメな残像
- テレビアニメ『ブラスレイター』前期オープニングテーマ
Darlin'
- 同年12月10日にシングルカットされた。
CANNON★BALL
甘い痛みは幻想の果てに
- 8月6日iTunes storeにて先行配信された。
アウトサイダー
- テレビ東京系特撮テレビドラマ『キューティーハニー THE LIVE』挿入歌。今作のためにドラムが打ち込みから生に録り直されている。
Instinct（instrumental）
愛すべきSTUPID
ここにあるぬくもり
HEAVEN
- WOWOW系アニメ『鋼鉄神ジーグ』エンディングテーマ。ヴォーカルを録り直している。
NOT for SALE
- ニンテンドーDSソフト『DUEL LOVE 恋する乙女は勝利の女神』オープニングテーマ
delight song
- GRANRODEO初のノンタイアップマキシシングル
Beautiful world

外部リンク[編集]

『Instinct』ランティス紹介ページ

この「Instinct」は、アルバムに関連した書きかけ項目です。加筆、訂正などして下さる協力者を求めています（P:音楽/PJアルバム）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Instinct (disambiguation).

Look up instinct in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism toward a particular complex behavior.

The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action pattern, in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a clearly defined stimulus.

An instinctive behavior of shaking water from wet fur.

A baby leatherback turtle makes its way to the open ocean

Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience (that is, in the absence of learning), and is therefore an expression of innate biological factors. Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean. A joey climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born.^[1] Honeybees communicate by dancing in the direction of a food source without formal instruction. Other examples include animal fighting, animal courtship behavior, internal escape functions, and the building of nests. All of these are examples of complex behaviors and are thus substantially different from simple reflex behaviors.

An instinct should be distinguished from a reflex, which is a simple response of an organism to a specific stimulus, such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the knee is tapped. Instincts, in contrast, are inborn complex patterns of behavior that must exist in every member of the species and that cannot be overcome by force of will.^[2] However, the absence of volitional capacity must not be confused with an inability to modify fixed action patterns. For example, people may be able to modify a stimulated fixed action pattern by consciously recognizing the point of its activation and simply stop doing it, whereas animals without a sufficiently strong volitional capacity may not be able to disengage from their fixed action patterns, once activated.^[3]

The role of instincts in determining the behavior of animals varies from species to species. The more complex the neural system of an animal, the greater is the role of the cerebral cortex, and social learning and instincts play a lesser role. A comparison between a crocodile and an elephant illustrates how mammals for example are heavily dependent on social learning. Lionesses and chimpanzees raised in zoos away from their birth mothers most often reject their own offspring because they have not been taught the skills of mothering. Such is not the case with simpler species such as reptiles.

Behavioral sciences[edit]

In Information Behavior: An Evolutionary Instinct (2010, pp. 35–42), Amanda Spink notes that "currently in the behavioral sciences instinct is generally understood as the innate part of behavior that emerges without any training or education in humans." She claims that the viewpoint that information behavior has an instinctive basis is grounded in the latest thinking on human behavior. Furthermore, she notes that "behaviors such as cooperation, sexual behavior, child rearing and aesthetics are [also] seen as 'evolved psychological mechanisms' with an instinctive basis (Buss, 2008; Dickens & Cohen, 2003; Geary, 2004)." Spink adds that Stephen Pinker similarly asserts that language is instinctive in humans in his book, The Language Instinct, How the mind creates language, (1994).

Reflexes and instinct[edit]

Examples of behaviors that do not require conscious will include many reflexes. The stimulus in a reflex may not require brain activity but instead may travel to the spinal cord as a message that is then transmitted back through the body, tracing a path called the reflex arc. Reflexes are similar to fixed action patterns in that most reflexes meet the criteria of a FAP. However, a fixed action pattern can be processed in the brain as well; a male stickleback's instinctive aggression towards anything red during his mating season is such an example. Examples of instinctive behaviors in humans include many of the primitive reflexes, such as rooting and suckling, behaviors which are present in mammals.

Maturational instincts[edit]

Some instinctive behaviors depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying. These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.^[4]

History[edit]

Primitive reflexes

In biology[edit]

Jean Henri Fabre, an entomologist, considered instinct to be any behavior which did not require cognition or consciousness to perform. Fabre's inspiration was his intense study of insects, some of whose behaviors he wrongly considered fixed and not subject to environmental influence.^[5]

Instinct as a concept fell out of favor in the 1920s with the rise of behaviorism and such thinkers as B. F. Skinner, which held that most significant behavior is learned. These beliefs, like Fabre's belief that most behaviors were simply reflexive, also proved to be too simplistic to account for the complex emotional and social behavior of human beings.

An interest in innate behaviors arose again in the 1950s with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen, who made the distinction between instinct and learned behaviors. Our modern understanding of instinctual behavior in animals owes much to their work. For instance, in imprinting a bird has a sensitive period during which it learns who its mother is. Konrad Lorenz famously had a goose imprint on his boots. Thereafter the goose would follow whomever wore the boots. The identity of the goose's mother was learned, but the goose's behavior towards the boots was instinctive...^{[citation needed]}

In psychology[edit]

The term "instinct" in psychology was first used in 1870s by Wilhelm Wundt. By the close of the 19th century, most repeated behavior was considered instinctual. In a survey of the literature at that time, one researcher chronicled 4,000 human "instincts," having applied this label to any behavior that was repetitive.^{[citation needed]} As research became more rigorous and terms better defined, instinct as an explanation for human behavior became less common. In a conference in 1960, chaired by Frank Beach, a pioneer in comparative psychology, and attended by luminaries in the field, the term was restricted in its application.^{[citation needed]} During the 60's and 70's, textbooks still contained some discussion of instincts in reference to human behavior. By the year 2000, a survey of the 12 best selling textbooks in Introductory Psychology revealed only one reference to instincts, and that was in regard to Sigmund Freud's referral to the "id" instincts.^{[citation needed]}. In this sense, instincts appeared to have become regarded as increasingly superfluous in trying to understand human psychological behavior.

Some Freudian Psychoanalysts have retained the term instinct to refer to human motivational forces (such as sex and aggression), sometimes represented as Eros - life instinct and Thanatos - death instinct. This use of the term motivational forces has been replaced by the term drives to correct the original error in the translation of Freud's work.^{[citation needed]}

Psychologist Abraham Maslow argued that humans no longer have instincts because we have the ability to override them in certain situations. He felt that what is called instinct is often imprecisely defined, and really amounts to strong drives. For Maslow, an instinct is something which cannot be overridden, and therefore while the term may have applied to humans in the past, it no longer does.^[6]

The book Instinct (1961) established a number of criteria which distinguish instinctual from other kinds of behavior. To be considered instinctual, a behavior must: a) be automatic, b) be irresistible, c) occur at some point in development, d) be triggered by some event in the environment, e) occur in every member of the species, f) be unmodifiable, and g) govern behavior for which the organism needs no training (although the organism may profit from experience and to that degree the behavior is modifiable).^[7]

In a classic paper published in 1972,^[8] the psychologist Richard Herrnstein decries Fabre's opinions on instinct (see: In biology section).

References[edit]

^ "YouTube video of joey climbing into its mother's pouch".
^ Naiman, Joanne. (2004) How Societies Work. Thomson Publishers. 3rd ed.
^ Lorenz, Konrad. "Behind the Mirror, A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge", (1973) R. Piper & Co. Verlag, English translation (1977) Methuen & Co.
^ Campbell and Reece, 6th ed.
^ Hugh Raffles (2010). Insectopedia. Pantheon Books.
^ Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality Chapter 4, Instinct Theory Reexamined
^ Mandal, F. B. (2010) Textbook of animal behaviour. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 8120340353, 9788120340350
^ R. J. Harrnstein (1972). "Nature as Nurture: Behaviorism and the Instinct Doctrine". Behavior 1 (1): 23–52.

UpToDate Contents

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Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a pooled analysis of five prospective, observational studies.

Kaasch AJ, Barlow G, Edgeworth JD, Fowler VG Jr, Hellmich M, Hopkins S, Kern WV, Llewelyn M, Rieg S, Rodriguez-Baño J, Scarborough M, Seifert H, Soriano A, Tilley R, Tőrők ME, Weiß V, Wilson AP, Thwaites GE; ISAC, INSTINCT, SABG, UKCIRG, and (with linked authorship to all colleagues in the acknowledgements section).SourceInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: achim.kaasch@uk-koeln.de.
The Journal of infection.J Infect.2013 Nov 15. pii: S0163-4453(13)00335-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.10.015. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is a common, often fatal infection. Our aim was to describe how its clinical presentation varies between populations and to identify common determinants of outcome.METHODS: We conducted a pooled analysis on 3,395 consecutive adult patients with S. aureus
PMID 24247070

Time to Brain Imaging in Acute Stroke Is Improving: Secondary Analysis of the INSTINCT Trial.

Sauser K, Burke JF, Levine DA, Scott PA, Meurer WJ.SourceFrom the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program (K.S., J.F.B.), Department of Emergency Medicine (K.S., P.A.S., W.J.M.), HSR&D Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System (K.S., J.F.B., D.A.L.), Department of Neurology (J.F.B., D.A.L., W.J.M.), and Department of Internal Medicine (D.A.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Ringler E, Pa Ukonis A, Hödl W, Ringler M.AbstractINTRODUCTION: Individuals should aim to adjust their parental behaviours in order to maximize the success of their offspring but minimize associated costs. Plasticity in parental care is well documented from various bird, mammal and fish species, whereas amphibians were traditionally assumed as being highly instinct-bound. Therefore, little is known about 'higher' cognitive abilities of amphibians, such as strategic planning and behavioural flexibility. Dendrobatid frogs have evolved a remarkable diversity of parental behaviours. The most noticeable of these behaviours is tadpole transport, which is obligatory in almost all species. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge about spatial and temporal patterns of tadpole transport and the possible existence of behavioural plasticity on the individual level. In this study, we investigated correlates of tadpole transport behaviour in a natural population of the dendrobatid frog Allobates femoralis during five years.
Frontiers in zoology.Front Zool.2013 Nov 9;10(1):67. [Epub ahead of print]
INTRODUCTION: Individuals should aim to adjust their parental behaviours in order to maximize the success of their offspring but minimize associated costs. Plasticity in parental care is well documented from various bird, mammal and fish species, whereas amphibians were traditionally assumed as bein
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Reducing Smoking in Pregnancy Among Māori Women: "Aunties" Perceptions and Willingness to Help.

van Esdonk T, Glover M, Kira A, Wagemakers A.SourceMaster Student Health and Society, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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… When Thomas Hardy published Jude the Obscure, it was bitterly criticized by reviewers chiefly for its unconventional discourses on "marriage," "family," and "sexual instinct." Although it is, as critics have agreed unanimously, obvious that an antagonistic attitude to Victorian domestic ideology provoked the reader's antipathy, a more accurate analysis of the socio-cultural context in which Jude was written and read would be needed to clarify what the radicalism of "the marriage question" in the text was. …
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拡張検索	「instinctive」「instinctively」「instinctual」

「instinctive」

『Instinct』
GRANRODEO のスタジオ・アルバム
リリース	2008年9月26日
ジャンル	アニメソング、ロック、ハードロック
時間	63分33秒
レーベル	Lantis（LACA-5810）
プロデュース	GRANRODEO
チャート最高順位
	週間18位（オリコン）;
GRANRODEO 年表

　　[★]

adj.

本能の、本能的な。天性の。直感的な。

関: instinctively、instinctual

「instinctively」

　　[★]

本能的に

関: instinctive、instinctual

「instinctual」

　　[★]

本能的な

関: instinctive、instinctively

[1] "YouTube video of joey climbing into its mother's pouch".

[2] Naiman, Joanne. (2004) How Societies Work. Thomson Publishers. 3rd ed.

[3] Lorenz, Konrad. "Behind the Mirror, A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge", (1973) R. Piper & Co. Verlag, English translation (1977) Methuen & Co.

[4] Campbell and Reece, 6th ed.

[5] Hugh Raffles (2010). Insectopedia. Pantheon Books.

[6] Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality Chapter 4, Instinct Theory Reexamined

[7] Mandal, F. B. (2010) Textbook of animal behaviour. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 8120340353, 9788120340350

[8] R. J. Harrnstein (1972). "Nature as Nurture: Behaviorism and the Instinct Doctrine". Behavior 1 (1): 23–52.

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案内

instinct