infarct

• n.

• 梗塞、梗塞巣

関

infarct area、infarction

　

WordNet

1. localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply (同)infarction

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/20 12:07:12」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Infraction.

Micrograph of a pulmonary infarct (right of image) beside relatively normal lung (left of image). H&E stain.

In medicine, infarction is tissue death (necrosis) caused by a local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction of the tissue's blood supply. The resulting lesion is referred to as an infarct (from the Latin infarctus, "stuffed into").

Myocardial infarction is the partial death of heart tissue commonly known as heart attack.

Causes

The supplying artery can be blocked by an obstruction (e.g., an arterial embolus, thrombus, or atherosclerotic plaque), may be mechanically compressed (e.g., tumor, volvulus, or hernia), ruptured by trauma (e.g., atherosclerosis or vasculitides), or vasoconstricted (e.g., cocaine vasoconstriction leading to myocardial infarction).

Infarction could be caused by damaged cholesterol plaque

Hypertension and atherosclerosis are risk factors for both atherosclerotic plaques and thromboembolism. In atherosclerotic formations, a plaque develops under a fibrous cap. When the fibrous cap is degraded by metalloproteinases released from macrophages or by intravascular shear force from blood flow, subendothelial thrombogenic material (extracellular matrix) is exposed to circulating platelets and thrombus formation occurs on the vessel wall occluding blood flow. Occasionally, the plaque may rupture and form an embolus which travels with the blood-flow downstream to where the vessel narrows and eventually clogs the vessel lumen.

Infarctions can also involve mechanical blockage of the blood supply, such as when part of the gut or testicles herniates or becomes involved in a volvulus.

Classification

Infarction of the lung due to a pulmonary embolism

By histopathology

Infarctions are divided into 2 types according to the amount of blood present:

• White infarctions (anemic infarcts) affect solid organs such as the spleen, heart and kidneys wherein the solidity of the tissue substantially limits the amount of nutrients (blood/oxygen/glucose/fuel) that can flow into the area of ischemic necrosis. Similar occlusion to blood flow and consequent necrosis can occur as a result of severe vasoconstriction as illustrated in severe Raynaud's phenomenon that can lead to irreversible gangrene.
• Red infarctions (hemorrhagic infarcts), generally affect the lungs or other loose organs (testis, ovary, small intestines). The occlusion consists more of red blood cells and fibrin strands. Characteristics of red infarcts include:
  • occlusion of a vein

A blood clot could be a broken thrombosis that got clotted to the blood vessel wall.

• • loose tissues that allow blood to collect in the infarcted zone
  • tissues with a dual circulatory system (lung, small intestines)
  • tissues previously congested from sluggish venous outflow
  • reperfusion (injury) of previously ischemic tissue that is associated with reperfusion-related diseases, such as myocardial infarction, stroke (cerebral infarction), shock-resuscitation, replantation surgery, frostbite, burns, and organ transplantation.

Micrograph of testis showing hemorrhagic infarction.H&E stain.

By localization

• Heart: Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is an infarction of the heart, causing some heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).

• Brain: Cerebral infarction is the ischemic kind of stroke due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. It can be atherothrombotic or embolic. Stroke caused by cerebral infarction should be distinguished from two other kinds of stroke: cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral infarctions vary in their severity with one third of the cases resulting in death.

• Lung: Pulmonary infarction or lung infarction

• Spleen: Splenic infarction occurs when the splenic artery or one of its branches are occluded, for example by a blood clot. Although it can occur asymptomatically, the typical symptom is severe pain in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, sometimes radiating to the left shoulder. Fever and chills develop in some cases. It has to be differentiated from other causes of acute abdomen.

• Limb: Limb infarction is an infarction of an arm or leg. Causes include arterial embolisms and skeletal muscle infarction as a rare complication of long standing, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. A major presentation is painful thigh or leg swelling.

• Bone: Infarction of bone results in avascular necrosis. Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses. If avascular necrosis involves the bones of a joint, it often leads to destruction of the joint articular surfaces (see osteochondritis dissecans).

• Testicle: an infarction of a testicle may be caused by testicular torsion.

Ultrasound of segmental testicular infarction. Infarct area shown as hypoechoic and avascular upper segment of R testis.

• Eye: an infarction can occur to the central retinal artery which supplies the retina causing sudden visual loss.

Associated diseases

Diseases commonly associated with infarctions include:

• Peripheral artery occlusive disease (the most severe form of which is gangrene)
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• Sepsis
• Giant-cell arteritis (GCA)
• Hernia
• Volvulus
• Sickle-cell disease

References

External links

Media related to Infarction at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of infarction at Wiktionary

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 脳卒中評価の概要 overview of the evaluation of stroke
• 2. ST上昇型心筋梗塞の急性期マネージメントの概要 overview of the acute management of st elevation myocardial infarction
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English Journal

• A novel, clinically relevant use of a piglet model to study the effects of anesthetics on the developing brain.

• Whitaker EE1,2, Bissonnette B3,4,5, Miller AD6, Koppert TL7,8, Tobias JD9,10, Pierson CR11,12, Christofi FL13.
• Clinical and translational medicine.Clin Transl Med.2016 Dec;5(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s40169-015-0079-9. Epub 2016 Jan 12.
• BACKGROUND: Anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity research in the developing brain must rely upon an unimpeachable animal model and a standardized treatment approach. In this manner, identification of mechanisms of action may be undertaken. The goal of this study was to develop a novel, clinically rel
• PMID 26757938

• China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Prospective Study of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Study Design.

• Li J, Dreyer RP, Li X, Du X, Downing NS, Li L, Zhang HB, Feng F, Guan WC, Xu X, Li SX, Lin ZQ, Masoudi FA, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM, Jiang LX1; China PEACE Collaborative Group.
• Chinese medical journal.Chin Med J (Engl).2016 5th Jan;129(1):72-80. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.172596.
• BACKGROUND: Despite the rapid growth in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in China, there is limited information about patients' experiences after AMI hospitalization, especially on long-term adverse events and patient-reported outcomes (PROs).METHODS: The China Patient-centered Eva
• PMID 26712436

• Discharge Communication in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Chest Pain: Defining the Ideal Content.

• Ackermann S1,2, Heierle A2, Bingisser MB3, Hertwig R4, Padiyath R2, Nickel CH2, Langewitz W3, Bingisser R2.
• Health communication.Health Commun.2016 May;31(5):557-65. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2014.979115. Epub 2015 Oct 26.
• In an emergency department (ED), discharge communication represents a crucial step in medical care. In theory, it fosters patient satisfaction and adherence to medication, reduces anxiety, and ultimately promotes better outcomes. In practice, little is known about the extent to which patients receiv
• PMID 26503453

Japanese Journal

• サマータイム制度─睡眠および健康について─

• 土井 由利子,石原 金由,内山 真
• 保健医療科学 64(2), 104-111, 2015-04
• サマータイム制度のサマータイムは,daylight saving time(DST)を日本語に訳したもので,DSTは,今から100年前の1916年に英国を中心に導入された. 1 年を夏時間(DST)と冬時間に 2 分割し,DST開始初日に時計を 1 時間進め,日没から就寝までの時間を 1 時間減少させて照明用の電力消費を1 時間分減少させ,電力消費に係る費用を削減しようという狙いがあった.現在,比 …
• NAID 110009917307

• Contribution of Electrocardiogram in the Differentiation of Cardiac Amyloidosis and Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

• Huang Jinghan,Zhao Shihua,Chen Zaijiang,Zhang Shu,Lu Minjie
• International Heart Journal advpub(0), 2015
• … The purpose of the study was to investigate the value of electrocardiography (ECG) in the differentiation of the two diseases.Methods: We enrolled 46 consecutive patients with CA and 64 patients with NOHCM and compared their ECG characteristics.Compared with NOHCM patients, the ECG of CA patients showed more low voltage on limb leads (50% versus 1.6%), atrioventricular block (21.7% versus 4.7%), pseudo-infarct pattern (84.8% versus 39.1%), and longer QRS duration (104 ± 25 versus 98 ± 14 ms) (all P < …
• NAID 130005097310

• In-Vivo Higher Plasma Levels of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Coronary Artery at the Very Onset of Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation

• Koizumi Tomomi,Komiyama Nobuyuki,Nishimura Shigeyuki
• Annals of Vascular Diseases advpub(0), 2015
• … levels of PDGF-BB and MMP-9 were measured from infarct-related artery (IRA) and from femoral artery (FA) during PCI.Results: Plasma levels of PDGF-BB and MMP-9 in the IRA were significantly higher than those in the FA (PDGF-BB: median 3130 pg/ml, IQR (interquartile range): 2020 to 4375 pg/ml vs. median 2605 pg/ml, IQR: 1305 to 3290 pg/ml, p <0.01, MMP-9: median 49 ng/ml, IQR: 35 to 100 ng/ml vs. median 42 ng/ml, IQR: 27 to 78 ng/ml, p = 0.04, IRA and FA, respectively).Conclusions: This in vivo study demonstrated that PDGF-BB with MMP-9 seems to …
• NAID 130005096345

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「梗塞」「infarct area」「梗塞巣」
拡張検索	「multi-infarct」

「梗塞」

　　[★]

英

infarct, infarction

ラ

infarctus

同

虚血性壊死

関

心筋梗塞 myocardial infarction

「infarct area」

　　[★]

• 梗塞巣、梗塞領域

関

infarct、infarct region

「梗塞巣」

　　[★]

英

infarct area、infarct

関

梗塞、梗塞領域

「multi-infarct」

　　[★]

• 多発梗塞性の、多発脳梗塞性の

関

multiinfarct