墨汁
WordNet
- holding office; "the in party"
- to or toward the inside of; "come in"; "smash in the door" (同)inwards, inward
- currently fashionable; "the in thing to do"; "large shoulder pads are in"
- directed or bound inward; "took the in bus"; "the in basket"
- mark, coat, cover, or stain with ink; "he inked his finger"
- a liquid used for printing or writing or drawing
- dark protective fluid ejected into the water by cuttlefish and other cephalopods
- append ones signature to; "They inked the contract"
- fill with ink; "ink a pen"
- a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 (同)Republic of India, Bharat
- a black liquid ink used for printing or writing or drawing (同)drawing ink
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《具体的な場所,位置》 / …『の中に』(『で』) / …『において』,…で / 《intoの代りに移動を表す動詞と共に》…『の中へ』 / (乗り物)『に乗って』 / …『の状熊に』(『で』) / …『に従事して』,に属して / …『を身につけて』,に覆われて / 《『in』do『ing』の形で》…『するときに』,する際に(when) / 《時間》 / …『して』,…『が経過したあと』 / …『の間に』 / …『については』,…の点では / 《方法・手段・材料》…『で』 / 《人を目的語にして,性質・能力があることを示して》…の中に / …の目的で,のつもりで,として / 《比率割合》…のうちで,につき / 《過去分詞に伴って》…に[…されて] / 『中へ』(に) / 『在宅して』,帰って / (乗り物などが)『到着して』,(時期・季節が)来て / 出回って,流行して / 《俗》流行の,当世風の / 《話》特定の人々にのみ理解される
- (筆記用・印刷用)の『インク』 / (イカなどの出す)墨 / …‘を'インクで書く(塗る,しるす,汚す)
- 『インド』(公式名は 『the Republic of India』 インド共和国;首都はNew Delhi;《略》『Ind.』)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/02/13 16:57:46」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
"Indian ink" redirects here. For the Tom Stoppard play, see Indian Ink.
India ink (or Indian ink in British English) is a simple black ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing, especially when inking comic books and comic strips. Indian ink is also used in medical research and is considered as a suitable material for demonstration of the blood vessels under the microscope.
Contents
- 1 Composition
- 2 History
- 3 Uses other than writing
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
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Composition
Basic India ink is composed of a variety of fine soot known as lampblack, combined with water to form a liquid. A binding agent such as gelatin or, more commonly, shellac may be added to make the ink more durable once dried. India ink is occasionally sold in solid form (most commonly, a stick), which must be moistened before use.
History
The process of making India ink was known in China as far back as the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, during Neolithic China.[1] India ink was first invented in China,[2][3] although the source of materials to make the carbon pigment in India ink was later often traded from India, thus the term India ink was coined.[2][3] The traditional Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue, carbon black, lampblack, and bone black pigment with a pestle and mortar before pouring it into a ceramic dish where it could dry.[2] In order to use the dry mixture, a wet brush would be applied until it reliquified.[2] The manufacture of India ink was well-established by the Cao Wei Dynasty (220–265 AD).[4] Historically the ink used in China were in the form of ink sticks made of lampblack and animal glue.
The Chinese had used India ink derived from pine soot prior to the 11th century AD, when the polymath official Shen Kuo (1031–1095) of the mid Song Dynasty became troubled by deforestation (due to the demands of charcoal for the iron industry) and desired making ink from a source other than pine soot. He believed that petroleum (which the Chinese called 'rock oil') was produced inexhaustibly within the earth and so decided to make an ink from the soot of burning petroleum, which the later pharmacologist Li Shizhen (1518–1593) wrote was as lustrous as lacquer and was superior to pine soot ink.[5][6][7][8]
India ink has been in use in India since at least the 4th century BC, where it was called masi, an admixture of several substances.[9] Indian documents written in Kharosthi with this ink have been unearthed in as far as Xinjiang, China.[10] The practice of writing with ink and a sharp-pointed needle was common practice since antiquity in South India.[11] Several ancient Buddhist and Jain scripts in India were also compiled in ink.[12] In India, the carbon black from which India ink is formulated was obtained indigenously by burning bones, tar, pitch and other substances.[13]
Uses other than writing
- Hanetsuki (羽根突き, 羽子突き) is a Japanese traditional game, similar to badminton, played by girls at the New Year with a rectangular wooden paddle called a hagoita and a brightly colored shuttlecock. The shuttlecock must be kept in the air as long as possible. Girls who fail to hit the shuttlecock get marked on the face with India ink.[14]
- Amateur tattoo artists will sometimes use India ink for tattooing the skin. Non-medical grade India ink should not be used for homemade tattoos because it contains chemicals which could cause poisoning.
- In pathology laboratories, India ink is applied to surgically removed tissue specimens to maintain orientation and indicate tumor resection margins. The painted tissue is sprayed with acetic acid, which acts as a mordant, "fixing" the ink so it doesn't track. This ink is used because it survives tissue processing, during which tissue samples are bathed in alcohol and xylene and then embedded in paraffin wax. When viewed under the microscope, the ink at the tissue edge informs the pathologist of the surgical resection margin or other point of interest.
- Microbiologists use India ink to stain a slide containing micro-organisms. The background is stained while the organisms remain clear. This is called a negative stain. India ink, along with other stains, can be used to determine if a cell has a gelatinous capsule.[15] A common application of this procedure in the clinical microbiology laboratory is to confirm the morphology of the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus spp. which cause cryptococcal meningitis.
- Model railroaders use a mixture of India ink and isopropyl alcohol as a wood stain, graying wood to appear aged and to bring out detail.
- India ink is used diluted as an ultra-fine polishing medium for making precise optical surfaces on metals.[1][16]
- In ophthalmology, it was and still is used to some extent in corneal tattooing.
- Once dry, its conductive properties make it useful for electrical connections to difficult substrates, such as glass. Although relatively low in conductivity, surfaces can be made suitable for electroplating, low-frequency shielding, or for creating large conductive geometries for high voltage apparatuses. A piece of paper impregnated with India ink serves as a grid leak resistor in some tube radio circuits.
- Zoological museum specimens were often tagged in India ink, either directly or on a piece of tracing paper stored along the specimen, because of its durability even when submerged in preservative fluids.
See also
- Aquadag
- Atramentum
- Inkstick
- Ink and wash painting
- Pen and ink
- Pen painting
Notes
- ^ Woods & Woods, 51–52.
- ^ a b c d Gottsegen, page 30.
- ^ a b Smith, page 23.
- ^ Sung, Sun & Sun, page 286-288.
- ^ Sivin, III, page 24.
- ^ Menzies, page 24.
- ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, pages 75–76.
- ^ Deng, page 36.
- ^ Banerji, page 673
- ^ Sircar, page 206
- ^ Sircar, page 62
- ^ Sircar, page 67
- ^ "India ink." in Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
- ^ http://www.englishjapaneseonlinedictionary.com/Japanese%20textbook/pages/Japanese_textbook_76.htm
- ^ Woeste and Demchick, Volume 57, Part 6, pages 1858-1859
- ^ NASA Technical Brief
References
- Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0063-X.
- Deng, Yinke (2005). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
- Gottsegen, Mark D. (2006). The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3496-8.
- Menzies, Nicholas K. (1994). Forest and Land Management in Imperial China. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc. ISBN 0-312-10254-2.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- Sircar, D.C. (1996). Indian epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1166-6.
- Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing.
- Smith, Joseph A. (1992). The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3986-2.
- Sung, Ying-hsing; Sun, E-tu Zen; Sun, Shiou-chuan (1997). Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century: T'ien-kung K'ai-wu. Mineola: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-29593-1.
- Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000). Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group.....
- Woeste S.; Demchick, P. (1991). Appl Environ Microbiol. 57(6): 1858-1859 ASM.org
Pens
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Types |
- ballpoint/biro
- demonstrator
- digital
- dip
- fountain
- gel
- ink brush
- light
- qalam
- quill
- rastrum
- reed
- rollerball
- ruling
- skin
- stylus
- technical (rapidograph)
Markers
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- dry erase
- highlighter
- paint
- permanent
- UV
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Parts and tools |
- blotting paper
- ink blotter
- inkwell
- nib (flex nibs)
- penknife
- pounce
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Pen inks |
- Alizarine
- fountain pen
- India/Indian
- iron gall
- Stark's
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Other |
- ballpoint pen drawing
- Ballpoint pen knife
- Counterfeit banknote detection pen
- Birmingham pen trade
- Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Association
- Pen Room
- kalamos
- Pen computing
- penmanship
- pen painting
- pen spinning
- retipping
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Related |
- calligraphy
- cartooning
- mechanical pencil
- Narayam
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- List of pen types, brands and companies
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
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- Physical parameters, modeling, and methodological details in using IR laser pulses to warm frozen or vitrified cells ultra-rapidly.
- Kleinhans FW1, Mazur P2.
- Cryobiology.Cryobiology.2015 Apr;70(2):195-203. doi: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Feb 24.
- We report additional details of the thermal modeling, selection of the laser, and construction of the Cryo Jig used for our ultra-rapid warming studies of mouse oocytes (Jin et al., 2014). A Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064nm was selected to deliver short 1ms pulses of sufficient power to produce a wa
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- Arterial anatomy of the tibialis posterior tendon.
- Manske MC1, McKeon KE2, Johnson JE1, McCormick JJ1, Klein SE3.
- Foot & ankle international.Foot Ankle Int.2015 Apr;36(4):436-43. doi: 10.1177/1071100714559271. Epub 2014 Nov 19.
- BACKGROUND: Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction is a common disorder leading to pain, deformity, and disability, although its pathogenesis is unclear. A vascular etiology has been proposed, but there is controversy regarding the existence of a hypovascular region that may render the tendon vulnera
- PMID 25411117
Japanese Journal
- 半月板再建術における移植腱の組織学的検討:─骨膜被覆が移植腱に及ぼす影響─
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- 理学療法科学 29(4), 569-572, 2014
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- 不明熱・意識障害を呈しクリプトコッカス髄膜脳炎と診断した血液透析患者の1例
- 山崎 潤,中嶌 知子,佐藤 雄久,銭谷 慕子,井上 佑一,吉田 顕子,中村(内山) ふくみ,大西 健児,井下 聖司
- 日本透析医学会雑誌 47(2), 151-157, 2014
- 症例は72歳,女性.70歳の時に紫斑病性腎炎による慢性腎不全のため血液透析を開始し,同時期に骨髄異形成症候群(MDS)と診断された.2か月前より発熱を認め,近医で抗菌薬治療を継続したが改善せず,1週間前より意識障害が出現したため当院に転院になった.髄液検査で初圧40 cmH2Oと亢進,墨汁染色で酵母様菌体を認め,髄液・血液の抗原・培養陽性でクリプトコッカス髄膜脳炎と診断した.抗真菌薬(L-AMB …
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- 篠原 陽子
- 繊維製品消費科学 = Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-uses 54(2), 180-186, 2013-02
- NAID 40019596481
Related Links
- India ink. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search. " Indian ink" redirects here. For the Tom Stoppard play, see Indian Ink. India ink (or Indian ink in British English) is a simple black ink once widely used for writing and ...
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Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- india ink
- 関
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