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Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. One notable example is the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Classification

There are two main categories of immunostimulants:^[1]

Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen.
Non-specific immunostimulants act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators.

Non-specific

Many endogenous substances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, female sex hormones are known to stimulate both adaptive^[2] and innate immune responses.^[3] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.^[4]^[5]

Some publications point towards the effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) as an immunostimulant^[6]^[7]^[8] of the non-specific immune system, activating its main actors, the macrophages. According to these publications, a sufficient amount of DCA in the human body corresponds to a good immune reaction of the non-specific immune system.

References

^ Kumar, S; Gupta P; Sharma S; Kumar D (2011). "A review on immunostimulatory plants". Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 9 (2): 117–128. doi:10.3736/jcim20110201. PMID 21288444.
^ Wira, CR; Crane-Godreau M; Grant K (2004). "Endocrine regulation of the mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract". In In: Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, McGhee JR, Bienenstock J (eds.). Mucosal Immunology. San Francisco: Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-491543-4.
^ Lang, TJ (2004). "Estrogen as an immunomodulator". Clin Immunol 113 (3): 224–230. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.05.011. PMID 15507385.
Moriyama, A; Shimoya K; Ogata I; et al. (1999). "Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations in cervical mucus of women with normal menstrual cycle". Molecular Human Reproduction 5 (7): 656–661. doi:10.1093/molehr/5.7.656. PMID 10381821.
Cutolo, M; Sulli A; Capellino S; Villaggio B; Montagna P; Seriolo B; Straub RH (2004). "Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity". Lupus 13 (9): 635–638. doi:10.1191/0961203304lu1094oa. PMID 15485092.
King, AE; Critchley HOD; Kelly RW (2000). "Presence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human endometrium and first trimester decidua suggests an antibacterial role". Molecular Human Reproduction 6 (2): 191–196. doi:10.1093/molehr/6.2.191. PMID 10655462.
^ Dorshkind, K; Horseman ND (2000). "The Roles of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroid Hormones in Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Genetic Models of Hormones and Hormone Receptor Deficiency". Endocrine Reviews 21 (3): 292–312. doi:10.1210/er.21.3.292. PMID 10857555.
^ Nagpal, Sunil; Songqing Naand; Radhakrishnan Rathnachalam (2005). "Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D Receptor Ligands". Endocrine Reviews 26 (5): 662–687. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0002. PMID 15798098.
^ Vlcek, B; Reif, A; Seidlová, B (1971). "Evidence of the participation of deoxycholate in cancer immunity". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 26 (5): 419–24. PMID 4398280.
^ Vlček, B (1972). "Potentiation of the immune response with DCA". Prakt. Lekar (in Czech) 52: 326–330.
^ Chyle, M; Chyle, P (1982). "Regulation of the immune response with DCA". Sbornik lek. (in Czech) 84: 212–218. (English summary)

External links

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology journal
Immunostimulants at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Deoxycholic acid as immunostimulant

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Recognition and treatment of non-infectious hyaluronic acid reactions.

Hatcher JL1, Goldman ND.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):513-5. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2012.703307. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
OBJECTIVE: To differentiate a non-infectious inflammatory reaction following hyaluronic acid injection for facial rejuvenation from other reported complications, and describe appropriate treatment.METHODS: Using a review of the literature and information available from the manufacturer, recommendati
PMID 22702401

Efficacy and safety of a new monophasic hyaluronic acid filler in the correction of nasolabial folds: a randomized, evaluator-blinded, split-face study.

Rhee do Y1, Won CH, Chang SE, Noh TK, Kim MS, Kim BJ, Park GH, An JS, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Lim SH.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Oct;25(5):448-52. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.814756.
BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are frequently used for the correction of facial soft-tissue defects.OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of a novel monophasic HA filler (mono-HA), and a well-studied biphasic HA filler (bi-HA), in the treatment of moderate to severe nasolabial fold
PMID 23789873

Patients' perceptions of topical treatments of actinic keratosis.

Esmann S1, Jemec GB.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Oct;25(5):375-9. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2012.757285. Epub 2013 Feb 24.
OBJECTIVES: In recent years, a number of topical treatments suitable for field-directed therapy of actinic keratosis (AK) have been developed. Non-surgical treatment of AK however requires strict adherence by patients. Patients' views on the different possible topical treatments are therefore releva
PMID 23215635

Japanese Journal

Construction of Swine-Specific CpG Motif Enriched Plasmid and the Study of Its Immunostimulatory Effects Both In Vitro and In Vivo

GUO Xiaoyu,JIA Hong,YUAN Weifeng [他],ZHANG Quan,HOU Shaohua,SUN Yao,ZHU Gang,ZHU Hongfei,SÁNCHEZ-VIZCAÍNO José Manuel
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(12), 1647-1650, 2012
… Its immunostimulant property was tested in vitro via lymphocyte transformation assay using swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). …
NAID 130001879700

Brevibacillus choshinensis より作製したN末端欠損組換えVP28タンパク質を投与したホワイトシュリンプのホワイトスポットウイルス感染に対する抵抗性

Mavichak Rapeepat,近藤秀裕,廣野育生 [他],青木宙,清野宏,幸義和
水産増殖 = The aquiculture 57(1), 83-90, 2009-03-20
Brevibacillus choshinensisを用いて、N末端のみ（rN-VP28）またはNおよびCの両末端（rNC-VP28）を欠失させたホワイトスポットウイルス（WSV）の組換えVP28タンパク質を作製した。これらの組換えVP28タンパク質をPacific white shrimpに投与し、WSV感染に対して抵抗性を示すかどうかを調べた。毎日、1尾あたり50μgの組換えN-VP28を7日 …
NAID 10029843742