低張液、低浸透圧液、低浸透圧溶液

WordNet

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution; "he used a solution of peroxide and water"
the successful action of solving a problem; "the solution took three hours"
a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem; "they were trying to find a peaceful solution"; "the answers were in the back of the book"; "he computed the result to four decimal places" (同)answer, result, resolution, solvent
the set of values that give a true statement when substituted into an equation (同)root
a method for solving a problem; "the easy solution is to look it up in the handbook"
(of living tissue) lacking normal tone or tension
(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

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〈U〉(問題などを)『解くこと』,解明,解決法《+『of』(『for, to』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(問題などの)『解答』,説明《+『of』(『to, for』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…の)『溶液』《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉溶解

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/26 12:49:09」(JST)

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"Hypotonic" redirects here. For the muscular disease, see Hypotonia.

Effect of different solutions on blood cells

Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells

Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. It is commonly used when describing the response of cells immersed in an external solution. Like osmotic pressure, tonicity is influenced only by solutes that cannot cross the membrane, as only these exert an osmotic pressure. Solutes able to freely cross the membrane do not affect tonicity because they will always be in equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.

There are three classifications of tonicity that one solution can have relative to another. The three are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.^[1]

Hypertonicity[edit]

Hypertonic refers to a greater concentration. In biology, a hypertonic solution is one with a higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell. When a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solutes.

When plant cells are in a hypertonic solution, the flexible cell membrane pulls away from the rigid cell wall, but remains joined to the cell wall at points called plasmodesmata. The cell takes on the appearance of a pincushion, and the plasmodesmata almost cease to function because they become constricted: a condition known as plasmolysis. In plant cells the terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic cannot strictly be used accurately because the pressure exerted by the cell wall significantly affects the osmotic equilibrium point.

A hypertonic solution is used in osmotherapy to treat cerebral hemorrhage.^{[citation needed]}

Hypotonicity[edit]

Hypotonic refers to a lesser concentration. A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings, so in an attempt to balance concentrations, water will rush into the cell, causing swelling. ^[2]

Some organisms have evolved intricate methods of circumventing hypotonicity. For example, saltwater is hypertonic to the fish that live in it. They need a large surface area in their gills in contact with seawater for gas exchange, thus they lose water osmotically to the sea from gill cells. They respond to the loss by drinking large amounts of saltwater, and actively excreting the excess salt. This process is called osmoregulation.

Isotonicity[edit]

An isotonic solution is one in which its effective osmole concentration is the same as the solute concentration of another solution with which it is compared. This occurs, for example, when the concentration of both water and total solute molecules are the same in an external solution as in the cell content. Water molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane in both directions, and as the rate of water diffusion is the same in each direction that cell will neither gain nor lose water.

For example, the osmolarity of Normal saline, 9 grams NaCl dissolved in water to a total volume of one litre, is a close approximation to the osmolarity of NaCl in blood, i.e. Normal saline is almost isotonic to blood plasma.

References[edit]

^ Sperelakis, Nicholas (2011). Cell Physiology Source Book: Essentials of Membrane Biophysics. Academic Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-12-387738-3.
^ "Definition — hypotonic". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における維持輸液療法および補充輸液療法 maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in adults
2. 術中の輸液マネージメント intraoperative fluid management
3. 小児における維持輸液療法 maintenance fluid therapy in children
4. 成人における糖尿病性ケトアシドーシスおよび高浸透圧性高血糖状態：治療 diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults treatment
5. 造影剤誘発性腎症の予防 prevention of contrast induced nephropathy

English Journal

Enhanced vaginal drug delivery through the use of hypotonic formulations that induce fluid uptake.

Ensign LM, Hoen TE, Maisel K, Cone RA, Hanes JS.SourceCenter for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2013 Sep;34(28):6922-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.039. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
Mucosal epithelia use osmotic gradients for fluid absorption and secretion. We hypothesized that administration of hypotonic solutions would induce fluid uptake that could be advantageous for rapidly delivering drugs through mucus to the vaginal epithelium. We found that hypotonic formulations marke
PMID 23769419

Pulp Cell Tracking by Radionuclide Imaging for Dental Tissue Engineering.

Souron JB, Petiet A, Decup F, Tran XV, Lesieur J, Poliard A, Le Guludec D, Letourneur D, Chaussain C, Rouzet F, Opsahl Vital S.Source1 EA2496, Dental School, University Paris Descartes PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité , Montrouge, France .
Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods.Tissue Eng Part C Methods.2013 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Pulp engineering with dental mesenchymal stem cells is a promising therapy for injured teeth. An important point is to determine the fate of implanted cells in the pulp over time and particularly during the early phase following implantation. Indeed, the potential engraftment of the implanted cells
PMID 23789732

A bZIP protein, VIP1, interacts with Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein β subunit, AGB1.

Tsugama D, Liu S, Takano T.SourceAsian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB / Societe francaise de physiologie vegetale.Plant Physiol Biochem.2013 Aug 9;71C:240-246. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.024. [Epub ahead of print]
Heterotrimeric G proteins (Gα, Gβ, Gγ) are signaling molecules conserved among eukaryotic species. The G proteins transmit signals via protein-protein interactions. By a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a bZIP protein, VIP1, as an Arabidopsis thaliana Gβ (AGB1)-interacting partner. The int
PMID 23974356

Japanese Journal

Expression of foreign aquaporin genes in lily pollen protoplasts

Yamada Keiji,Yanada Ken-ichi,Matsuzawa Atsushi [他],TANAKA Ichiro,SHIOTA Hajime
Plant biotechnology 28(5), 509-514, 2011-12-25
… The protoplasts expressing AtPIP2;1 significantly increased in volume in a hypotonic solution (350 mM mannitol), compared with the vector control. …
NAID 10030304178

The Different Effects of Fluid with and without Carbohydrate Ingestion on Subjective Responses of Untrained Men during Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment

Ishijima Toshimichi,Hashimoto Hideki,Satou Katsuhiko [他],MURAOKA Isao,SUZUKI Katsuhiko,HIGUCHI Mitsuru
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 55(6), 506-510, 2009-12-01
… In the second and third trials, subjects received mineral water (MW) and hypotonic fluid containing carbohydrate (HF), respectively, in amounts equaling their weight loss in the DH trial. … These results suggest that maintaining euhydration during prolonged exercise in untrained men could attenuate RPE-O and that hypotonic electrolyte-carbohydrate solution could attenuate RPE-legs during exercise. …
NAID 10025972547

クロモグリク酸ナトリウム吸入液等張製剤切り替えによる小児喘息児の肺機能への影響

菅野訓子,吉原重美,福田典正,山田裕美,阿部利夫,有阪治
日本小児呼吸器疾患学会雑誌 = Japanese journal of pediatric pulmonology 17(2), 137-142, 2006-12-28
… of hypotonic, solution of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on the pulmonary function parameters and severity of cough in asthmatic children.The retrospective study included 68 asthmatic children who developed asthma before the age of six years, and who were receiving treatment with inhaled disodium cromoglycate (hypotonic solution).The DSCG solution was changed to an isotonic from hypotonic solution …
NAID 10018507687