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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) |
| Subcutaneous tissue |
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The hypodermis is the lower layer of skin shown in the diagram above
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| Details |
| Latin |
tela subcutanea[1] |
| System |
integumentary |
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Artery
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Posterior intercostal arteries[2]:602 |
| Identifiers |
| MeSH |
A10.165.887 |
| Code |
TH H3.12.00.2.00001 |
| TA |
A16.0.03.001 |
| FMA |
9630 |
| Anatomical terminology |
The subcutaneous tissue (from Latin subcutaneous, meaning "beneath the skin"), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (from Greek, meaning "beneath the skin"), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.[3] The types of cells found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants.
The hypodermis is beneath dermis which is beneath epidermis. It is used mainly for fat storage.
A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin. It is often referred to as subcutaneous tissue though this is a less precise and anatomically inaccurate term. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat. It contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis.
Contents
- 1 Composition
- 2 Injection
- 3 Pathology
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Composition
Subcutaneous tissue consists of:
- Fibrous bands anchoring the skin to the deep fascia[4]
- Collagen and elastin fibers attaching it to the dermis[5]
- Fat, except in the eyelids, clitoris, penis, much of pinna, and scrotum[1]
- Blood vessels on route to the dermis[6]
- Lymphatic vessels on route from dermis[7]
- The glandular part of some sweat glands; mammary gland lie entirely within the subcutaneous tissue[8] (which are modified apocrine sweat glands)[9]
- Cutaneous nerves[7] and free endings
- Hair follicle roots
- Ruffini[2]:478 and Pacinian corpuscles
- Mast cells[10]
- Bursae, in the space overlying joints in order to facilitate smooth passage of overlying skin
- Fine, flat sheets of muscle, in certain locations, including the scalp, face, hand, nipple, and scrotum, called the panniculus carnosus
In some animals, such as whales and hibernating mammals, the hypodermis forms an important insulating layer and/or food store.
In some plants, the hypodermis is a layer of cells immediately below the epidermis of leaves. It is often mechanically strengthened, for example, in pine leaves, forming an extra protective layer or a water storage tissue.
Subcutaneous fat
Subcutaneous fat is the layer of subcutaneous tissue that is most widely distributed.[1] It is composed of adipocytes, which are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue.[5] The number of adipocytes varies among different areas of the body, while their size varies according to the body's nutritional state.[11] It acts as padding and as an energy reserve, as well as providing some minor thermoregulation via insulation.[2][5] Subcutaneous fat is found just beneath the skin, as opposed to visceral fat, which is found in the peritoneal cavity,[12] and can be measured using body fat calipers to give a rough estimate of total body adiposity.[13] It is thickest in the buttocks, palms, and soles. [14]
Injection
Main article: Subcutaneous injection
Injection into the subcutaneous tissue is a route of administration used for drugs such as insulin: because it is highly vascular, the tissue absorbs drugs quickly.[2]:135 Subcutaneous injection is believed to be the most effective manner to administer some drugs, such as human growth hormones. Just as the subcutaneous tissue can store fat, it can also provide good storage space for drugs that need to be released gradually because there is limited blood flow. "Skin popping" is a slang term that includes this method of administration, and is usually used in association with recreational drugs.
Pathology
- Subcutaneous abscess
- Subcutaneous tumor
See also
References
- ^ a b c "The Integument". Terminologia Anatomica. 1998.
- ^ a b c d Kenneth, Saladin (2007). Human Anatomy. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 135, 478, 602. ISBN 0071259716.
- ^ Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. 1994. pp. 998, 774, 1497. ISBN 978-0801672255.
- ^ Mcminn (October 2003). Lasts Anatomy Regional and Applied. Elsevier Australia. p. 3. ISBN 0729537528.
- ^ a b c "The hypodermis". An Organ Revealed. L'Oréal. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ Tamarkin, Dawn A. "Unit 4: Skin & Bone Structure". Sprinfield Technical Community College. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ a b O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola; Carpenter, Stanley; Swenson, Rand; Dartmouth Medical School. "Chapter 4: The skin, hair and nails". Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
- ^ Fischer, Josef E.; Bland, Kirby I.; Callery, Mark P. (18 December 2006). Mastery of Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 482. ISBN 078177165X.
- ^ Krstic, Radivoj V. (18 March 2004). Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. p. 466. ISBN 9783540536666.
- ^ Goldsmith, Lowell A.; Katz, Stephen I.; Gilchrest, Barbara A.; Paller, Amy S.; Leffell, David J.; Wolff, Klaus. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 64. ISBN 978-0071669047.
- ^ "Subcutaneous Tissue". Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ "Abdominal fat and what to do about it". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ Orphanidou, C; McCargar, L; Birmingham, C; Mathieson, J; Goldner, E (August 1994). "Accuracy of subcutaneous fat measurement: comparison of skinfold calipers, ultrasound, and computed tomography". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94 (8): 855–858. doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92363-9. ISSN 0002-8223.
- ^ Farris, Patricia K. "Skin Anatomy and Physiology". Nu Skin. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
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Integumentary system
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| Skin |
| Epidermis |
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
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| Basement membrane |
- Basal keratinocyte
- Lamina lucida
- Lamina densa
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| Dermis |
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| Subcutaneous tissue |
- Panniculus/Pannus (Panniculus adiposus
- Panniculus carnosus)
- Membranous layer
- Loose connective tissue
- Superficial fascia
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| Adnexa |
| Skin glands |
- Sweat glands: Apocrine sweat gland
- Eccrine sweat gland
- Sebaceous
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| Hair |
| Root sheath |
- Outer root sheath
- Inner root sheath
- Henle's layer
- Huxley's layer
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| Hair shaft |
- Cuticle
- Cortex
- Medulla
- Bulb with matrix cells
- Hair follicle
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| Muscle |
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| Pilosebaceous unit |
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| Nail |
- Nail matrix
- Nail plate
- Eponychium
- Paronychium
- Hyponychium
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Index of skin
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Infections
- Vesiculobullous
- Dermatitis and eczema
- Papulosquamous
- Urticaria and erythema
- Radiation-related
- Pigmentation
- Mucinoses
- Keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
- Vasculitis
- Fat
- Neutrophilic and eosinophilic
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- nevi and melanomas
- epidermis
- dermis
- Symptoms and signs
- Terminology
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- antibiotics
- disinfectants
- emollients and protectives
- itch
- psoriasis
- other
- Wound and ulcer
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Index of skin appendages
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
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