WordNet

of or relating to the hypodermis
layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle in e.g. arthropods
relating to or located below the epidermis; "hypodermic needle"; "subcutaneous implant" (同)subcutaneous

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皮下の / 皮下注射;皮下注射器

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/20 18:49:00」(JST)

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The subcutaneous tissue (from Latin subcutaneous, meaning "beneath the skin"), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (from Greek, meaning "beneath the skin"), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.^[3] The types of cells found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants.

The hypodermis is beneath dermis which is beneath epidermis. It is used mainly for fat storage.

A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin. It is often referred to as subcutaneous tissue though this is a less precise and anatomically inaccurate term. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat. It contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis.

Composition

Subcutaneous tissue consists of:

Fibrous bands anchoring the skin to the deep fascia^[4]
Collagen and elastin fibers attaching it to the dermis^[5]
Fat, except in the eyelids, clitoris, penis, much of pinna, and scrotum^[1]
Blood vessels on route to the dermis^[6]
Lymphatic vessels on route from dermis^[7]
The glandular part of some sweat glands; mammary gland lie entirely within the subcutaneous tissue^[8] (which are modified apocrine sweat glands)^[9]
Cutaneous nerves^[7] and free endings
Hair follicle roots
Ruffini^[2]^:478 and Pacinian corpuscles
Mast cells^[10]
Bursae, in the space overlying joints in order to facilitate smooth passage of overlying skin
Fine, flat sheets of muscle, in certain locations, including the scalp, face, hand, nipple, and scrotum, called the panniculus carnosus

In some animals, such as whales and hibernating mammals, the hypodermis forms an important insulating layer and/or food store.

In some plants, the hypodermis is a layer of cells immediately below the epidermis of leaves. It is often mechanically strengthened, for example, in pine leaves, forming an extra protective layer or a water storage tissue.

Subcutaneous fat

Subcutaneous fat is the layer of subcutaneous tissue that is most widely distributed.^[1] It is composed of adipocytes, which are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue.^[5] The number of adipocytes varies among different areas of the body, while their size varies according to the body's nutritional state.^[11] It acts as padding and as an energy reserve, as well as providing some minor thermoregulation via insulation.^[2]^[5] Subcutaneous fat is found just beneath the skin, as opposed to visceral fat, which is found in the peritoneal cavity,^[12] and can be measured using body fat calipers to give a rough estimate of total body adiposity.^[13] It is thickest in the buttocks, palms, and soles. ^[14]

Injection

Injection into the subcutaneous tissue is a route of administration used for drugs such as insulin: because it is highly vascular, the tissue absorbs drugs quickly.^[2]^:135 Subcutaneous injection is believed to be the most effective manner to administer some drugs, such as human growth hormones. Just as the subcutaneous tissue can store fat, it can also provide good storage space for drugs that need to be released gradually because there is limited blood flow. "Skin popping" is a slang term that includes this method of administration, and is usually used in association with recreational drugs.

Pathology

Subcutaneous abscess
Subcutaneous tumor

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "The Integument". Terminologia Anatomica. 1998.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kenneth, Saladin (2007). Human Anatomy. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 135, 478, 602. ISBN 0071259716.
^ Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (4th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. 1994. pp. 998, 774, 1497. ISBN 978-0801672255.
^ Mcminn (October 2003). Lasts Anatomy Regional and Applied. Elsevier Australia. p. 3. ISBN 0729537528.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The hypodermis". An Organ Revealed. L'Oréal. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Tamarkin, Dawn A. "Unit 4: Skin & Bone Structure". Sprinfield Technical Community College. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola; Carpenter, Stanley; Swenson, Rand; Dartmouth Medical School. "Chapter 4: The skin, hair and nails". Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ Fischer, Josef E.; Bland, Kirby I.; Callery, Mark P. (18 December 2006). Mastery of Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 482. ISBN 078177165X.
^ Krstic, Radivoj V. (18 March 2004). Human Microscopic Anatomy: An Atlas for Students of Medicine and Biology. Springer. p. 466. ISBN 9783540536666.
^ Goldsmith, Lowell A.; Katz, Stephen I.; Gilchrest, Barbara A.; Paller, Amy S.; Leffell, David J.; Wolff, Klaus. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 64. ISBN 978-0071669047.
^ "Subcutaneous Tissue". Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
^ "Abdominal fat and what to do about it". Harvard Health Publications. Harvard Medical School. 2006. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
^ Orphanidou, C; McCargar, L; Birmingham, C; Mathieson, J; Goldner, E (August 1994). "Accuracy of subcutaneous fat measurement: comparison of skinfold calipers, ultrasound, and computed tomography". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 94 (8): 855–858. doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)92363-9. ISSN 0002-8223.
^ Farris, Patricia K. "Skin Anatomy and Physiology". Nu Skin. Retrieved 5 June 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 好中球性皮膚症 neutrophilic dermatoses
2. カルシフィラキシス（calcific uremic arteriolopathy） calciphylaxis calcific uremic arteriolopathy

English Journal

Competition of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for binding to shrimp cellular membrane.

Yan DC1,2, Huang J2, Yang B2, Sun HS3, Wang YY3, Liu X1.
Journal of fish diseases.J Fish Dis.2016 May 12. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12489. [Epub ahead of print]
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are two widespread shrimp viruses. The interference of IHHNV on WSSV was the first reported case of viral interference that involved crustacean viruses and has been subsequently confirmed. However, t
PMID 27169386

Nematicidal effect of plumbagin on Caenorhabditis elegans: a model for testing a nematicidal drug.

Chaweeborisuit P, Suriyonplengsaeng C, Suphamungmee W, Sobhon P, Meemon K.
Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences.Z Naturforsch C.2016 May 3. pii: /j/znc.ahead-of-print/znc-2015-0222/znc-2015-0222.xml. doi: 10.1515/znc-2015-0222. [Epub ahead of print]
Plumbagin, (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a natural substance found in the roots of plant species in the genus Plumbago, has been used as a traditional medicine against many diseases. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a model for testing the anthelmintic effect of plumbagin
PMID 27140303

Ammonia excretion in Caenorhabditis elegans: Physiological and molecular characterization of the rhr-2 knock-out mutant.

Adlimoghaddam A1, O'Donnell MJ2, Kormish J1, Banh S1, Treberg JR1, Merz D1, Weihrauch D3.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2016 May;195:46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.003. Epub 2016 Feb 9.
Previous studies have shown the free living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (N2 strain) to be ammonotelic. Ammonia excretion was suggested to take place partially via the hypodermis, involving the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA), V-ATPase (VAT), carbonic anhydrase, NHX-3 and a functional microtubule ne
PMID 26872996

Japanese Journal

LAMP法によるIHHNウイルスの迅速・定量検出

SUDHAKARAN Raja,米加田徹,河野智哉,SUPAMATTAYA Kidchakan,LINH Nguyen Thi Hue,酒井正博,伊丹利明
魚病研究 43(4), 170-173, 2008-12-15
… A one-step, single tube, real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP) assay was developed to detect a non-structural protein encoding gene of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV). …
NAID 10025151217

P-Glycoprotein (Abcb1) is involved in absorptive drug transport in skin

Ito Katsuaki,Nguyen Hai Thien,Kato Yukio,Wakayama Tomohiko,Kubo Yoshiyuki,Iseki Shoichi,Tsuji Akira,加藤将夫,若山友彦,井関尚一,辻彰
Journal of Controlled Release 131(3), 198-204, 2008-11-12
… This finding was supported by the lower vectorial transport of rhodamine 123 from the epidermal to the hypodermal side in mdr1a/1b-/- mice in Ussing-type chamber experiments and by the immunohistochemical localization of P-gp throughout the dermal layer. …
NAID 120000997156

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「hypodermic」「subcutaneous tissue」
拡張検索	「infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus」「hypodermal tissue」

「hypodermic」

Subcutaneous tissue
	The hypodermis is the lower layer of skin shown in the diagram above
Details
System	integumentary
Artery	Posterior intercostal arteries
Identifiers
Latin	tela subcutanea
MeSH	A10.165.887
Code	TH H3.12.00.2.00001
TA	A16.0.03.001
FMA	9630
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]