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more active than normal; "a hyperactive child" (同)overactive
a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement

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(子供などが)異常に(過度に)活発な

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/30 15:46:05」(JST)

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In mathematics, hyperfunctions are generalizations of functions, as a 'jump' from one holomorphic function to another at a boundary, and can be thought of informally as distributions of infinite order. Hyperfunctions were introduced by Mikio Sato in 1958, building upon earlier work by Grothendieck and others. In Japan, it is usually called the Sato's hyperfuncion with the name of M. Sato.

Formulation

A hyperfunction on the real line can be conceived of as the 'difference' between one holomorphic function defined on the upper half-plane and another on the lower half-plane. That is, a hyperfunction is specified by a pair (f, g), where f is a holomorphic function on the upper half-plane and g is a holomorphic function on the lower half-plane.

Informally, the hyperfunction is what the difference f − g would be at the real line itself. This difference is not affected by adding the same holomorphic function to both f and g, so if h is a holomorphic function on the whole complex plane, the hyperfunctions (f, g) and (f + h, g + h) are defined to be equivalent.

Definition in one dimension

The motivation can be concretely implemented using ideas from sheaf cohomology. Let be the sheaf of holomorphic functions on C. Define the hyperfunctions on the real line by

the first local cohomology group.

Concretely, let C⁺ and C⁻ be the upper half-plane and lower half-plane respectively. Then

so

Since the zeroth cohomology group of any sheaf is simply the global sections of that sheaf, we see that a hyperfunction is a pair of holomorphic functions one each on the upper and lower complex halfplane modulo entire holomorphic functions.

Examples

If f is any holomorphic function on the whole complex plane, then the restriction of f to the real axis is a hyperfunction, represented by either (f, 0) or (0, −f).

The Heaviside step function can be represented as .

The Dirac delta "function" is represented by . This is really a restatement of Cauchy's integral formula. To verify it one can calculate the integration of f just below the real line, and subtract integration of g just above the real line - both from left to right. Note that the hyperfunction can be non-trivial, even if the components are analytic continuation of the same function. Also this can be easily checked by differentiating the Heaviside function.

If g is a continuous function (or more generally a distribution) on the real line with support contained in a bounded interval I, then g corresponds to the hyperfunction (f, −f), where f is a holomorphic function on the complement of I defined by

This function f jumps in value by g(x) when crossing the real axis at the point x. The formula for f follows from the previous example by writing g as the convolution of itself with the Dirac delta function.

If f is any function that is holomorphic everywhere except for an essential singularity at 0 (for example, e^1/z), then (f, −f) is a hyperfunction with support 0 that is not a distribution. If f has a pole of finite order at 0 then (f, −f) is a distribution, so when f has an essential singularity then (f,−f) looks like a "distribution of infinite order" at 0. (Note that distributions always have finite order at any point.)

References

Hörmander, Lars (2003), The analysis of linear partial differential operators, Volume I: Distribution theory and Fourier analysis, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-00662-1 .

Sato, Mikio (1959), "Theory of Hyperfunctions, I", Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo. Sect. 1, Mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry 8 (1): 139–193, MR 0114124, hdl:2261/6027 .

Sato, Mikio (1960), "Theory of Hyperfunctions, II", Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo. Sect. 1, Mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry 8 (2): 387–437, MR 0132392, hdl:2261/6031 .

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