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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/10/13 13:31:07」(JST)
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Hydroxymethylbilane synthase |
Rendering based on PDB 3ECR.
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Available structures |
PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
List of PDB id codes |
3ECR, 3EQ1
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Identifiers |
Symbols |
HMBS ; PBG-D; PBGD; PORC; UPS |
External IDs |
OMIM: 609806 MGI: 96112 HomoloGene: 158 GeneCards: HMBS Gene |
EC number |
2.5.1.61 |
Gene ontology |
Molecular function |
• hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity
• uroporphyrinogen-III synthase activity
• carboxylic acid binding
• amine binding
• coenzyme binding
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Cellular component |
• condensed chromosome
• nucleus
• cytosol
• axon
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Biological process |
• response to hypoxia
• porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process
• protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process
• heme biosynthetic process
• response to carbohydrate
• response to zinc ion
• peptidyl-pyrromethane cofactor linkage
• organ regeneration
• response to cobalt ion
• response to estradiol
• response to vitamin
• response to drug
• response to amino acid
• small molecule metabolic process
• astrocyte differentiation
• response to methylmercury
• cellular response to antibiotic
• cellular response to arsenic-containing substance
• cellular response to lead ion
• cellular response to cytokine stimulus
• cellular response to amine stimulus
• cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus
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Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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RNA expression pattern |
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More reference expression data |
Orthologs |
Species |
Human |
Mouse |
Entrez |
3145 |
15288 |
Ensembl |
ENSG00000256269 |
ENSMUSG00000032126 |
UniProt |
P08397 |
P22907 |
RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_000190 |
NM_001110251 |
RefSeq (protein) |
NP_000181 |
NP_001103721 |
Location (UCSC) |
Chr 11:
119.08 – 119.09 Mb |
Chr 9:
44.34 – 44.34 Mb |
PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Porphobilinogen deaminase (EC 2.5.1.61, Older sources categorize it under EC 4.3.1.8), also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase or uroporphyrinogen I synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HMBS gene. Porphobilinogen deaminase is involved in the third step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the head to tail condensation of four porphobilinogen molecules into the linear hydroxymethylbilane while releasing four ammonia molecules.
Contents
- 1 Structure and function
- 2 Reaction mechanism
- 3 Pathology
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
Structure and function
Functionally, porphobilinogen deaminase catalyzes the loss of ammonia from the porphobilinogen monomer (deamination) and its subsequent polymerization to a linear tetrapyrrole, which is released as hydroxymethylbilane:
The structure of 40-42 kDa porphobilinogen deaminase, which is highly conserved amongst organisms, consists of three domains.[1][2] Domains 1 and 2 are structurally very similar: each consisting of five beta-sheets and three alpha helices in humans.[3] Domain 3 is positioned between the other two and has a flattened beta-sheet geometry. A dipyrrole, a cofactor of this enzyme consisting of two condensed porphobilinogen molecules, is covalently attached to domain 3 and extends into the active site, the cleft between domains 1 and 2.[4] Several positively charged arginine residues, positioned to face the active site from domains 1 and 2, have been shown to stabilize the carboxylate functionalities on the incoming porphobilinogen as well as the growing pyrrole chain. These structural features presumably favor the formation of the final hydroxymethylbilane product.[5] Porphobilinogen deaminase usually exists in dimer units in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Reaction mechanism
The first step is believed to involve an E1 elimination of ammonia from porphobilinogen, generating a carbocation intermediate (1).[6] This intermediate is then attacked by the dipyrrole cofactor of porphobilinogen deaminase, which after losing a proton yields a trimer covalently bound to the enzyme (2). This intermediate is then open to further reaction with porphobilinogen (1 and 2 repeated three more times). Once a hexamer is formed, hydrolysis allows hydroxymethylbilane to be released, as well as cofactor regeneration (3).[7][8]
Pathology
The most well-known health issue involving porphobilinogen deaminase is acute intermittent porphyria, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder where insufficient hydroxymethylbilane is produced, leading to a build-up of porphobilinogen in the cytoplasm. This is caused by a gene mutation that, in 90% of cases, causes decreased amounts of enzyme. However, mutations where less-active enzymes and/or different isoforms have been described.[9][10][11]
References
- ^ Lannfelt L, Wetterberg L, Lilius L, Thunell S, Jörnvall H, Pavlu B, Wielburski A, Gellerfors P (November 1989). "Porphobilinogen deaminase in human erythrocytes: purification of two forms with apparent molecular weights of 40 kDa and 42 kDa". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 49 (7): 677–84. doi:10.3109/00365518909091544. PMID 2609111.
- ^ Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC, Jordan PM (September 1992). "Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multidomain polymerase with a single catalytic site". Nature 359 (6390): 33–9. doi:10.1038/359033a0. PMID 1522882.
- ^ Gill R, Kolstoe SE, Mohammed F, Al D-Bass A, Mosely JE, Sarwar M, Cooper JB, Wood SP, Shoolingin-Jordan PM (May 2009). "Structure of human porphobilinogen deaminase at 2.8 Å: the molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria". Biochem. J. 420 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1042/BJ20082077. PMID 19207107.
- ^ Jordan PM, Warren MJ (December 1987). "Evidence for a dipyrromethane cofactor at the catalytic site of E. coli porphobilinogen deaminase". FEBS Lett. 225 (1-2): 87–92. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(87)81136-5. PMID 3079571.
- ^ Lander M, Pitt AR, Alefounder PR, Bardy D, Abell C, Battersby AR (April 1991). "Studies on the mechanism of hydroxymethylbilane synthase concerning the role of arginine residues in substrate binding". Biochem. J. 275 (2): 447–52. PMC 1150073. PMID 2025226.
- ^ Pichon C, Clemens KR, Jacobson AR, Ian Scott A (June 1992). "On the mechanism of porphobilinogen deaminase. Design, synthesis, and enzymatic reactions of novel porphobilinogen analogs.". Tetrahedron 48 (23): 4687–4712. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)81567-2.
- ^ Battersby AR (December 2000). "Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life". Nat Prod Rep 17 (6): 507–26. doi:10.1039/b002635m. PMID 11152419.
- ^ Leeper FJ (April 1989). "The biosynthesis of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and vitamin B12". Nat Prod Rep 6 (2): 171–203. doi:10.1039/NP9890600171. PMID 2664584.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: HMBS hydroxymethylbilane synthase".
- ^ Grandchamp B, Picat C, de Rooij F, Beaumont C, Wilson P, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y (August 1989). "A point mutation G----A in exon 12 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene results in exon skipping and is responsible for acute intermittent porphyria". Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (16): 6637–49. doi:10.1093/nar/17.16.6637. PMC 318356. PMID 2789372.
- ^ Astrin KH, Desnick RJ (1994). "Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene". Hum. Mutat. 4 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040403. PMID 7866402.
Further reading
- Deybach JC, Puy H (1995). "Porphobilinogen deaminase gene structure and molecular defects.". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 27 (2): 197–205. doi:10.1007/BF02110034. PMID 7592566.
- Astrin KH, Desnick RJ (1995). "Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene.". Hum. Mutat. 4 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040403. PMID 7866402.
- Helliwell JR, Nieh YP, Habash J, et al. (2003). "Time-resolved and static-ensemble structural chemistry of hydroxymethylbilane synthase.". Faraday Discuss. 122: 131–44; discussion 171–90. doi:10.1039/b201331b. PMID 12555854.
- Hessels J, Voortman G, van der Wagen A, et al. (2004). "Homozygous acute intermittent porphyria in a 7-year-old boy with massive excretions of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors.". J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 27 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1023/B:BOLI.0000016613.75677.05. PMID 14970743.
- Kauppinen R (2004). "Molecular diagnostics of acute intermittent porphyria.". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 4 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1586/14737159.4.2.243. PMID 14995910.
- Hrdinka M, Puy H, Martasek P (2007). "May 2006 update in porphobilinogen deaminase gene polymorphisms and mutations causing acute intermittent porphyria: comparison with the situation in Slavic population.". Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 55 Suppl 2: S119–36. PMID 17298216.
- Kauppinen R, Peltonen L, Pihlaja H, Mustajoki P (1993). "CRIM-positive mutations of acute intermittent porphyria in Finland.". Hum. Mutat. 1 (5): 392–6. doi:10.1002/humu.1380010508. PMID 1301948.
- Mgone CS, Lanyon WG, Moore MR, Connor JM (1992). "Detection of seven point mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with acute intermittent porphyria, by direct sequencing of in vitro amplified cDNA.". Hum. Genet. 90 (1–2): 12–6. doi:10.1007/BF00210738. PMID 1427766.
- Gu XF, de Rooij F, Voortman G, et al. (1992). "High frequency of mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with a CRIM-positive subtype of acute intermittent porphyria". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (3): 660–5. PMC 1682727. PMID 1496994.
- Delfau MH, Picat C, De Rooij F, et al. (1991). "Molecular heterogeneity of acute intermittent porphyria: identification of four additional mutations resulting in the CRIM-negative subtype of the disease". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49 (2): 421–8. PMC 1683312. PMID 1714233.
- Namba H, Narahara K, Tsuji K, et al. (1991). "Assignment of human porphobilinogen deaminase to 11q24.1----q24.2 by in situ hybridization and gene dosage studies". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57 (2–3): 105–8. doi:10.1159/000133123. PMID 1914516.
- Lee JS, Anvret M (1992). "Identification of the most common mutation within the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in Swedish patients with acute intermittent porphyria". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (23): 10912–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10912. PMC 53042. PMID 1961762.
- Tunnacliffe A, McGuire RS (1991). "A physical linkage group in human chromosome band 11q23 covering a region implicated in leukocyte neoplasia". Genomics 8 (3): 447–53. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90030-X. PMID 1981047.
- Scobie GA, Llewellyn DH, Urquhart AJ, et al. (1990). "Acute intermittent porphyria caused by a C----T mutation that produces a stop codon in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene". Hum. Genet. 85 (6): 631–4. doi:10.1007/BF00193588. PMID 2227955.
- Delfau MH, Picat C, de Rooij FW, et al. (1990). "Two different point G to A mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene are responsible for acute intermittent porphyria". J. Clin. Invest. 86 (5): 1511–6. doi:10.1172/JCI114869. PMC 296897. PMID 2243128.
- Raich N, Romeo PH, Dubart A, et al. (1986). "Molecular cloning and complete primary sequence of human erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase". Nucleic Acids Res. 14 (15): 5955–68. doi:10.1093/nar/14.15.5955. PMC 311614. PMID 2875434.
- Vidaud M, Gattoni R, Stevenin J, et al. (1989). "A 5' splice-region G----C mutation in exon 1 of the human beta-globin gene inhibits pre-mRNA splicing: a mechanism for beta+-thalassemia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (3): 1041–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.1041. PMC 286617. PMID 2915972.
External links
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase Deficiency
Heme synthesis—note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion (yellow)
Enzymes involved in the metabolism of heme and porphyrin
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Porphyrin biosynthesis |
early mitochondrial: |
- Aminolevulinic acid synthase
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cytosolic: |
- Porphobilinogen synthase
- Porphobilinogen deaminase
- Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
- Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
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late mitochondrial: |
- Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase
- Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
- Ferrochelatase
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Heme degradation
to bile |
spleen: |
- Heme oxygenase
- Biliverdin reductase
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liver: |
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Index of cells from bone marrow
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Description |
- Immune system
- Cells
- Physiology
- coagulation
- proteins
- granule contents
- colony-stimulating
- heme and porphyrin
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Disease |
- Red blood cell
- Monocyte and granulocyte
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Histiocytosis
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
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Treatment |
- Transfusion
- Drugs
- thrombosis
- bleeding
- other
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Transferases: alkyl and aryl (EC 2.5)
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2.5.1 |
- Dimethylallyltranstransferase
- Thiaminase I
- Methionine adenosyltransferase
- Riboflavin synthase
- Dihydropteroate synthase
- Spermidine synthase
- Glutathione S-transferase
- Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
- Spermine synthase
- Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase
- Farnesyltransferase
- Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1
- Porphobilinogen deaminase
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- Biochemistry overview
- Enzymes overview
- By EC number: 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Mitochondrial energetic defects in muscle and brain of a Hmbs-/- mouse model of acute intermittent porphyria.
- Homedan C1, Schmitt C2, Laafi J3, Gueguen N4, Desquiret-Dumas V4, Lenglet H5, Karim Z5, Gouya L2, Deybach JC2, Simard G1, Puy H2, Malthièry Y1, Reynier P6.
- Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2015 Sep 1;24(17):5015-23. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv222. Epub 2015 Jun 12.
- Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant metabolic disease (MIM #176000), is due to a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), which catalyzes the third step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. The clinical expression of the disease is mainly neurological, involving the auto
- PMID 26071363
- Relative levels of let‑7a, miR‑17, miR‑27b, miR‑125a, miR‑125b and miR‑206 as potential molecular markers to evaluate grade, receptor status and molecular type in breast cancer.
- Lehmann TP1, Korski K2, Gryczka R3, Ibbs M2, Thieleman A4, Grodecka-Gazdecka S3, Jagodziński PP1.
- Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Sep;12(3):4692-702. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4002. Epub 2015 Jun 26.
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of short, single‑stranded nucleic acids, which have been investigated as potential molecular markers for various types of cancer. The gold‑standard and most sensitive method for comparing miRNA levels in cancer tissues is reverse transcription‑quantitative p
- PMID 26130254
- High prevalence of and potential mechanisms for chronic kidney disease in patients with acute intermittent porphyria.
- Pallet N1, Mami I2, Schmitt C3, Karim Z4, François A5, Rabant M6, Nochy D7, Gouya L3, Deybach JC3, Xu-Dubois Y8, Thervet E9, Puy H3, Karras A9.
- Kidney international.Kidney Int.2015 Aug;88(2):386-95. doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.97. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
- Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a genetic disorder of the synthesis of heme caused by a deficiency in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), leading to the overproduction of the porphyrin precursors δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and
- PMID 25830761
Japanese Journal
- False-Positive Accumulation of Metaiodobenzylguanidine in a Case with Acute Intermittent Porphyria
- Masuda Tomoko,Ota Rie,Ando Takao,Maeda Naoto,Horie Yutaka,Yoshimura Toshiro,Motomura Masakatsu,Kawakami Atsushi
- Internal Medicine 50(9), 1029-1032, 2011
- … A diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria was finally confirmed based on the characteristic pictures, increased urinary excretion of porphobilinogen, and identification of a heterozygous missense mutation of R173W in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. …
- NAID 130000650107
- Purification and Characterization of Human Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase Expressed in Escherichia coli
- Omata Yoshiaki,Sakamoto Hiroshi,Higashimoto Yuichiro [他],HAYASHI Shunsuke,NOGUCHI Masato
- The journal of biochemistry 136(2), 211-220, 2004-08-01
- NAID 10016201529
- Purification and Characterization of Human Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase Expressed in Escherichia coli
- Omata Yoshiaki,Sakamoto Hiroshi,Higashimoto Yuichiro,Hayashi Shunsuke,Noguchi Masato
- The Journal of Biochemistry 136(2), 211-220, 2004
- … The side-chain asymmetry of physiological porphyrins is produced by the coopera-tive action of hydroxymethylbilane synthase and uroporphyrinogen (uro'gen) III syn-thase. … Although the role of uro'gen III synthase is essential for the chemistry of por-phyrin biosynthesis, many aspects, structural as well as mechanical, of uro'gen III synthase have yet to be studied. …
- NAID 130003418166
Related Links
- 609806 - HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE; HMBS - PORPHOBILINOGEN DEAMINASE; PBGD;; PRE-UROPORPHYRINOGEN SYNTHASE;; UROPORPHYRINOGEN I SYNTHASE;; UROPORPHYRINOGEN I ... HMBS ...
- Consumer-friendly information about human genetics from the U.S. National Library of Medicine. ... The HMBS gene provides instructions for making an enzyme known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase. This enzyme is involved in the ...
Related Pictures
![Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase Deficiency](https://1mg.info/0/h/h/1435.jpg)
![Intermittent; Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase](https://1mg.info/0/h/h/1436.jpg)
![Hydroxymethylbilane synthase](https://1mg.info/0/h/h/1437.jpg)
![Hydroxymethylbilane synthase](https://1mg.info/0/h/h/1438.jpg)
![Hydroxymethylbilane synthase](https://1mg.info/0/h/h/1439.jpg)
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- hydroxymethylbilane synthase
- 関
- ヒドロキシメチルビランシンターゼ
[★]
- 英
- hydroxymethylbilane synthase
- 関
- ヒドロキシメチルビラン合成酵素
[★]
- 関
- lyase、synthetase、transferase
[★]
ヒドロキシメチルビラン HMB