WordNet

manipulate the mouse of a computer
a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad; "a mouse takes much more room than a trackball" (同)computer mouse
any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
person who is quiet or timid
make more humane; "The mayor tried to humanize life in the big city" (同)humanise

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『ハツカネズミ』(英米の家によく出没する小型のネズミ;ほが国の家に出没する大型のネズミはrat) / 《話》臆病者,内気な人 / 《猫が》ネズミを捜す(捕らえる) / 《人が》(…を)あさり歩く《+『about』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/08 23:13:28」(JST)

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A humanized mouse is a mouse carrying functioning human genes, cells, tissues, and/or organs. Humanized mice are commonly used as small animal models in biological and medical research for human therapeutics. Immunodeficient mice are often used as recipients for human cells or tissues, because they can relatively easily accept heterologous cells due to lack of host immunity. Traditionally, the nude mouse and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse have been used for this purpose, but recently the NOG mouse^[1] and the NSG mouse^[2] have been shown to engraft human cells and tissues more efficiently than other models.^[3]^[4]^[5] Two mouse strains, called MITRG and MISTRG, were described in which human versions of four genes encoding cytokines important for innate immune cell development are knocked into their respective mouse loci. Such humanized mouse models may be used to model the human immune system in scenarios of health and pathology, and may enable evaluation of therapeutic candidates in an in vivo setting relevant to human physiology.^[6]

Applications

There are many promising biomedical research applications for human therapeutics including:

Cancer
Infectious Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Hepatitis Virus and liver disease - AFC8/Rag2/gamma c DKO mice
Regenerative Medicine
Hematology

References

^ M. Ito and; et al. (2002), "NOD/SCID/γ^null mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells", Blood, 100 (9): 3175–3182, PMID 12384415, doi:10.1182/blood-2001-12-0207
^ Shultz LD, Lyons BL, Burzenski LM, et al. (2005), "Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells", J. Immunol., 174 (10): 6477–89, PMID 15879151, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6477.
^ T. Nomura, N. Tamaoki, A. Takakura and; et al. (2008), T. Nomura; T. Watanabe; S. Habu, eds., Basic Concept of Development and Practical Application of Animal Models for Human Diseases, In: Humanized Mice; Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 1–22
^ M. Ito, K. Kobayashi12 and T. Nakahata (2008), T. Nomura; T. Watanabe; S. Habu, eds., NOD/Shi-scid IL2rγ^null (NOG) Mice More Appropriate for Humanized Mouse Models; Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 53–76
^ McDermott SP, Eppert K, Lechman ER, Doedens M, Dick JE (July 2010), "Comparison of human cord blood engraftment between immunocompromised mouse strains", Blood, 116 (2): 193–200, PMID 20404133, doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-271841.
^ Anthony Rongvaux; Tim Willinger; Jan Martinek; Till Strowig; Sofia V Gearty; Lino L Teichmann; Yasuyuki Saito; Florentina Marches; Stephanie Halene; A Karolina Palucka; Markus G Manz; Richard A Flavell (March 2014), "Development and function of human innate immune cells in a humanized mouse model", Nature Biotechnology, 32: 364–372, PMC 4017589 , PMID 24633240, doi:10.1038/nbt.2858.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：研究用に育種された遺伝子改変マウスtools for genetics and genomics specially bred and genetically engineered mice [show details]
… great historical importance, but contemporary humanized mice used to engraft human hematopoietic and immune cells are based on different mouse mutants. Humanized mice must have the following three principal …
2. モノクローナル抗体医薬品の概要overview of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies [show details]
… Moxetumomab pasudotox is a humanized mouse mAb that targets CD22 and has been conjugated to a toxic fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Polatuzumab vedotin is a humanized mAb that targets CD79b (the …
3. 食物アレルギーの新規治療法：特異的免疫療法と非特異的免疫療法investigational therapies for food allergy immunotherapy and nonspecific therapies [show details]
…antibody as monotherapy for peanut allergy. This multicenter, randomized trial evaluated humanized monoclonal anti-IgE mouse immunoglobulin G1 antibody (talizumab) in 84 patients with challenge-confirmed immediate …
4. Human chorionic gonadotropin: Biochemistry and measurement in pregnancy and diseasehuman chorionic gonadotropin biochemistry and measurement in pregnancy and disease [show details]
…recombinant antibodies are mostly either chimeric (mouse Fc-region replaced with a human Fc, suffixed -ximab) or have been humanized (>95 percent of the mouse sequence replaced with human sequence, suffix -zumab) …
5. ABO血液型不適合腎移植abo incompatibility in kidney transplantation [show details]
…cells are the precursors for plasma cells that produce the anti-A/B antibodies. Rituximab, a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 (expressed on the majority of B cells), is the most commonly…

English Journal

Targeting of radiolabeled J591 antibody to PSMA-expressing tumors: optimization of imaging and therapy based on non-linear compartmental modeling.

Fung EK1,2, Cheal SM3,4, Fareedy SB5, Punzalan B6, Beylergil V7,8, Amir J9, Chalasani S10, Weber WA11,12, Spratt DE13, Veach DR14, Bander NH15, Larson SM16,17,18, Zanzonico PB19,20, Osborne JR21,22.
EJNMMI research.EJNMMI Res.2016 Dec;6(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s13550-016-0164-0. Epub 2016 Jan 22.
BACKGROUND: We applied a non-linear immunokinetic model to quantitatively compare absolute antibody uptake and turnover in subcutaneous LNCaP human prostate cancer (PCa) xenografts of two radiolabeled forms of the humanized anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody J591 ((12
PMID 26801327

Protection of Humanized Mice From Repeated Intravaginal HIV Challenge by Passive Immunization: A Model for Studying the Efficacy of Neutralizing Antibodies In Vivo.

Deruaz M1, Moldt B2, Le KM2, Power KA3, Vrbanac VD4, Tanno S4, Ghebremichael MS3, Allen TM3, Tager AM4, Burton DR5, Luster AD1.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2016 Aug 15;214(4):612-6. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw203. Epub 2016 Jun 29.
Humanized mice reconstituted with a human immune system can be mucosally infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opening up the possibility of studying HIV transmission in a small-animal model. Here we report that passive immunization with the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 protected hu
PMID 27357340

Recent advances in RNAi-based strategies for therapy and prevention of HIV-1/AIDS.

Swamy MN1, Wu H2, Shankar P3.
Advanced drug delivery reviews.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2016 Aug 1;103:174-86. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.005. Epub 2016 Mar 21.
RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful tool to silence specific gene expression and has been widely used to suppress host factors such as CCR5 and/or viral genes involved in HIV-1 replication. Newer nuclease-based gene-editing technologies, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription act
PMID 27013255