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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/02/03 22:47:19」(JST)
====[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/homer wiki en]====
For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation).
"Homeric" and "Homerus" redirect here. For other uses, see Homeric (disambiguation) and Homerus (disambiguation).
Roman bust of Homer from the second century AD, portrayed with traditional iconography, based on a Greek original dating to the Hellenistic Period [1]
Homer (Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος [hómɛːros], Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy.
Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider them legends.[2][3][4]
The Homeric Question—concerning by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed—continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups. One holds that most of the Iliad and (according to some) the Odyssey are the works of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and re-working by many contributors, and that "Homer" is best seen as a label for an entire tradition.[4]
It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late 8th or early 7th century BC.[5] The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic.[6][7] Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.[8]
From antiquity until the present day, the influence of the Homeric epics on Western civilization has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film.[9] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.[10][11]
Contents
- 1 Works attributed to Homer
- 2 Ancient biographies of Homer
- 3 Homeric studies and the Homeric question
- 4 Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society
- 5 Homeric language
- 6 Homeric style
- 7 Textual transmission
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 Selected bibliography
- 10.1 Editions
- 10.2 Interlinear translations
- 10.3 English translations
- 10.4 General works on Homer
- 10.5 Influential readings and interpretations
- 10.6 Commentaries
- 10.7 Dating the Homeric poems
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Works attributed to Homer
Homer and His Guide (1874) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Today only the Iliad and Odyssey are associated with the name 'Homer'. In antiquity, a very large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him, including the Homeric Hymns, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod, the Little Iliad, the Nostoi, the Thebaid, the Cypria, the Epigoni, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War"), the Margites, the Capture of Oechalia, and the Phocais. These claims are not considered authentic today and were by no means universally accepted in the ancient world. As with the multitude of legends surrounding Homer's life, they indicate little more than the centrality of Homer to ancient Greek culture.[12][13][14]
Ancient biographies of Homer
For more details on this topic, see Ancient accounts of Homer.
Many traditions circulated in the ancient world concerning Homer, most of which are lost. Modern scholarly consensus is that they have no value as history. Some claims were established early and repeated often - that Homer was blind (taking as self-referential a passage describing the blind bard Demodocus[15][16]), that he was born in Chios, that he was the son of the river Meles and a nymph, that he was a wandering bard, that he composed a varying list of other works (the Homerica), that he died either in Ios or after failing to solve a riddle set by fishermen, and various explanations for the name 'Homer'. The two best known ancient biographies of Homer are the Life of Homer by the Pseudo-Herodotus and the Contest of Homer and Hesiod.[17][18]
Homeric studies and the Homeric question
For more details on this topic, see Homeric scholarship and Homeric Question.
Part of an 11th-century manuscript, "the Townley Homer". The writings on the top and right side are scholia.
The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. The aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia. Ancient Greek scholars first sought to establish a canonical text of the poems and to explicate points that were difficult (whether linguistically or culturally).[19]
The Byzantine scholars such as Eustathius of Thessalonica and John Tzetzes produced commentaries, extensions and scholia to Homer, especially in the 12th century.[20] Virgil was more widely read during the Renaissance and Homer was often seen through a Virgilian lens.[21]
Friedrich August Wolf's Prolegomena ad Homerum launched modern Homeric scholarship, arguing that the poems were assembled at a late date by literate authors from a large group of much shorter poems that were originally transmitted orally. Wolf and the 'Analyst' school, which led the field in the 19th century, sought to recover the original, authentic poems which were thought to be concealed by later excresences. In contrast the 'Unitarians' saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet.[22][23]
In the 20th century, Milman Parry and Albert Lord, after their studies of folk bards in the Balkans, developed the 'Oral-Formulaic theory' that the Homeric poems were originally improvised. This theory found very wide scholarly acceptance.[24] The 'Neoanalysts' sought to bridge the gap between the 'Analysts' and 'Unitarians'.[25][26]
Today Homeric scholarship continues to develop. Most scholars, although disagreeing on other questions about the genesis of the poems, agree that the Iliad and the Odyssey were not produced by the same author, based on "the many differences of narrative manner, theology, ethics, vocabulary, and geographical perspective, and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the Odyssey in relation to the Iliad."[27][28][29]
Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the Trojan War; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards.[30] Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems; at one extreme Richard Janko has taken an 8th-century BC date, at the other scholars such as Gregory Nagy see 'Homer' as a continually evolving tradition which only ceased when the poems were written down in the 6th century BC.[31][32] Martin West has argued that the Iliad echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660-650 BC at the earliest, with the Odyssey up to a generation later.[33][34] A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems, complicating the search for a precise date.[35]
'Homer' is a name of unknown etymological origin, around which many theories were erected in antiquity; one such linkage was to the Greek ὅμηρος (hómēros), "hostage" (or "surety"). The explanations suggested by modern scholars tend to mirror their position on the overall Homeric question. Nagy interprets it as "he who fits (the song) together". West has advanced both possible Greek and Phoenecian etymologies.[36][37]
Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society
Greece according to the Iliad
Main article: Historicity of Homer
Scholars continue to debate questions such as whether the Trojan War actually took place - and if so when and where - and to what extent the society depicted by Homer is based on his own or one which was, even at the time of the poems’ composition, known only as legend. The Homeric epics are largely set in the east and center of the Mediterranean, with some scattered references to Egypt, Ethiopia and other distant lands, in a warlike society that resembles that of the Greek world slightly before the hypothesized date of the poems' composition.[38][39][40][41]
In ancient Greek chronology, the sack of Troy was dated to 1184 BC. By the nineteenth century there was widespread scholarly skepticism that Troy or the Trojan War had ever existed, but in 1873 Heinrich Schliemann announced to the world that he had discovered the ruins of Homer’s Troy at Hissarlik in modern Turkey. Some contemporary scholars think the destruction of Troy VIIa circa 1220 BC was the origin of the myth of the Trojan War, others that the poem was inspired by multiple similar sieges that took place over the centuries.[42]
However, Homer depicts customs that are not characteristic of any one historical period. For instance, his heroes use bronze weapons, characteristic of the Bronze Age rather than the later Iron Age during which the poems were composed; yet they are cremated (an Iron Age practice) rather than buried (as they were in the Bronze Age).[43][44][45]
In the Iliad 10.260-265, Odysseus is described as wearing a helmet made of boar's tusks. Such helmets were not worn in Homer's time, but were commonly worn by aristocratic warriors between 1600 and 1150 BC.[46][47][48] The decipherment of Linear B in the 1950s by Michael Ventris and continued archaeological investigation has increased modern scholars' understanding of Aegean civilisation, which in many ways resembles the ancient Near East more than the society described by Homer.[49]
Homeric language
Main article: Homeric Greek
Detail of The Parnassus (painted 1509-1510) by Raphael, depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop Mount Parnassus, with Dante Alighieri on his right and Virgil on his left
The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic hexameteric poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the Iliad was composed slightly before the Odyssey, and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems.[50][51]
Homeric style
The Homeric poems were composed in unrhymed dactylic hexameter; ancient Greek metre was quantity rather than stress based.[52][53] Homer frequently uses set phrases such as epithets ('crafty Odysseus', 'rosy-fingered Dawn', 'owl-eyed Athena', etc.), Homeric formulae ('and then answered [him/her], Agamemnon, king of men', 'when the early-born rose-fingered Dawn came to light', 'thus he/she spoke'), simile, type scenes, ring composition and repetition. These habits aid the extemporizing bard, and are characteristic of oral poetry. For instance, the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning, whereas literate poets like Virgil or Milton use longer and more complicated syntactical structures. Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses; this technique is called parataxis.[54]
The so-called 'type scenes' (typischen Scenen), were named by Walter Arend in 1933. He noted that Homer often, when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating, praying, fighting and dressing, used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet. The 'Analyst' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric, whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically. Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures.[55][56]
'Ring composition' or chiastic structure (when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story, or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A, B, C... before being reversed as ...C, B, A) has been observed in the Homeric epics. Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device, a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling.[57][58]
Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the Muse.[59] In the Iliad, the poet invokes her to sing of "the anger of Achilles",[59] and, in the Odyssey, he asks her to sing of "the man of many ways".[59] A similar opening was later employed by Virgil in his Aeneid.[59]
Textual transmission
A Reading from Homer (1885) by Lawrence Alma-Tadema
The orally transmitted Homeric poems were put into written form at some point between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Some scholars believe that they were dictated by the poet; Albert Lord noted that, in the process of dictating, the Balkan bards he recorded revised and extended their lays. Some scholars hypothesize that a similar process occurred when the Homeric poems were first written.[60][61]
Other scholars such as Gregory Nagy hold that, after the poems were formed in the 8th century, they were orally transmitted with little deviation until they were written down in the 6th century.[62] After textualisation, the poems were each divided into 24 rhapsodes, today referred to as books, and labelled by the letters of the Greek alphabet. These divisions probably date from before 200 BC, and may have been made by Homer.[63]
In antiquity it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens by the tyrant Pesistratos (died 528/7 BC), in the famed 'Pesistratean recension'.[64] From around 150 BC the text seems to have become relatively established. After the establishment of the Library of Alexandria, Homeric scholars such as Zenodotus of Ephesus, Aristophanes of Byzantium and in particular Aristarchus of Samothrace helped establish a canonical text.[65]
The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan. Today scholars use medieval manuscripts, papyri and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The 19th century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991,1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as Martin West (1998-2000) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes.[65]
See also
- Ancient Greece portal
- Poetry portal
- Literature portal
- Achaeans (Homer)
- Aeneid
- Bibliomancy
- Catalogue of Ships
- Creophylus of Samos
- Cyclic Poets
- Deception of Zeus
- Epithets in Homer
- Geography of the Odyssey
- Greek mythology
- Hector
- Historicity of Homer
- Homeric scholarship
- Ithaca
- List of Homeric characters
- Peisistratos
- Sortes Homericae
- Tabula iliaca
- Telemachy
- The Golden Bough
- Trojan Battle Order
- Trojan War in popular culture
- Troy VII
- Venetus A Manuscript
Notes
- ^ "Portrait Bust". britishmuseum.org. The British Museum.
- ^ Wilson, Nigel. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. p. 366. ISBN 9781136788000. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Romilly, Jacqueline de. A Short History of Greek Literature. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780226143125. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ a b Graziosi, Barbara. Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780521809665. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Croally, Neil; Hyde, Roy. Classical Literature: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781136736629. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Hose, Martin; Schenker, David. A Companion to Greek Literature. John Wiley & Sons. p. 445. ISBN 9781118885956.
- ^ Miller, D. Gary. Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus. Walter de Gruyter. p. 351. ISBN 9781614512950. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna. The Odyssey Re-formed. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801483352. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Latacz, Joachim. Homer, His Art and His World. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472083538. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Too, Yun Lee. The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World. OUP Oxford. p. 86. ISBN 9780199577804. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ MacDonald, Dennis R. Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780195358629. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Kelly, Adrian D. (2012). "Homerica". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0606/abstract.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara; Haubold, Johannes (2005). Homer: The Resonance of Epic. A&C Black. pp. 24–26. ISBN 9780715632826.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Odyssey, 8:64ff.
- ^ Lefkowitz, Mary R. (2013). The Lives of the Greek Poets. A&C Black. pp. 14–30. ISBN 9781472503077.
- ^ Kelly, Adrian D. (2012). "Biographies of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0243/abstract.
- ^ Dickey, Eleanor (2012). "Scholarship, Ancient". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1307/abstract.
- ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (2012). "Scholarship, Byzantine". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1308/abstract.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, Renaissance through 17th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1310/abstract.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 18th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1311/abstract.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 19th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1312/abstract.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (1988). The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253342600.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 20th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1313/abstract.
- ^ Edwards, Mark W. (2012). "Neoanalysis". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0968/abstract.
- ^ West, M.L. (1999), "The Invention of Homer", Classical Quarterly 49.2, p. 364.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Homeric Question". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0605/abstract.
- ^ Latacz, Joachim; Bierl, Anton; Olson, S. Douglas (2015). "New Trends in Homeric Scholarship" in Homer's Iliad: The Basel Commentary. De Gruyter. ISBN 9781614517375.
- ^ Saïd, Suzanne (2011). Homer and the Odyssey. OUP Oxford. pp. 14–17. ISBN 9780199542840.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–92. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Fowler, Robert; Fowler, Robert Louis (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–232. ISBN 9780521012461.
- ^ Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 9780226313290.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Date of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0330/abstract;jsessionid=f237f171e98ed309c3fe21243e81c3f6.f01t02.
- ^ Burgess, Jonathan S. (2003). The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle. JHU Press. pp. 49–53. ISBN 9780801874819.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–89. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ West, M.L. (1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 622.
- ^ Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2012). "Historicity of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0601/abstract.
- ^ Finley, Moses I. (1991). The World of Odysseus. Penguin. ISBN 9780140136869.
- ^ Wees, Hans van (2009). War and Violence in Ancient Greece. ISD LLC. ISBN 9781910589298.
- ^ Morris, Ian (1986). "The Use and Abuse of Homer". Classical Antiquity. 5 (1): 81–138. doi:10.2307/25010840.
- ^ Dowden, Ken; Livingstone, Niall (2011). A Companion to Greek Mythology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 440. ISBN 9781444396935.
- ^ Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2014). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Infobase Publishing. p. 356. ISBN 9781438110202.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. BRILL. pp. 434–435. ISBN 9789004217607.
- ^ Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9780192854384.
- ^ Wood, Michael (1996). In Search of the Trojan War. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-520-21599-0. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Schofield, Louise (2007). The Mycenaeans. Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-89236-867-9. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Everson, Tim (2004). Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-7524-9506-4. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. BRILL. p. 625. ISBN 9789004217607.
- ^ Willi, Andreas (2012). "Language, Homeric". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0792/abstract.
- ^ Bakker, Egbert J. (2010). A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language. John Wiley & Sons. p. 401. ISBN 9781444317404.
- ^ W. Edwards, Mark (2012). "Meter". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0913/abstract.
- ^ Nussbaum, G. B. (1986). Homer's Metre: A Practical Guide for Reading Greek Hexameter Poetry. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 9780862921729.
- ^ Edwards, Mark W. (2012). "Style". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1377/abstract.
- ^ Reece, Steve T. (2012). "Type-Scenes". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1488/abstract.
- ^ Edwards, MW (1992). "Homer and Oral Tradition: The Type-Scene". Oral Tradition. 7: 284–330.
- ^ Stanley, Keith (2014). The Shield of Homer: Narrative Structure in the Illiad. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400863372.
- ^ Minchin, Elizabeth (2012). "Ring Composition". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1287/abstract.
- ^ a b c d Adler, Eve (2003). Vergil's Empire: Political Thought in the Aeneid. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7425-2167-4.
- ^ Kirk, G. S. (1976). Homer and the Oral Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780521213097.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (2012). "Oral Dictated Texts". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1029/abstract.
- ^ Nagy, Gregory (1996). Poetry as Performance: Homer and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521558488.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Book Division". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0253/abstract.
- ^ Jensen, Minna Skafte (1980). The Homeric Question and the Oral-formulaic Theory. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 128. ISBN 9788772890968.
- ^ a b Haslam, Michael (2012). "Text and Transmission". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1413/abstract.
Selected bibliography
Editions
- Texts in Homeric Greek
- Demetrius Chalcondyles editio princeps, Florence, 1488
- the Aldine editions (1504 and 1517)
- 1st ed. with comments, Micyllus and Camerarius, Basel, 1535, 1541 (improved text), 1551 (incl. the Batrachomyomachia)
- Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, c. 1572, 1588 and 1592.
- Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807)
- Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836)
- Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858)
- La Roche (Odyssey, 1867–1868; Iliad, 1873–1876, both at Leipzig)
- Ludwich (Odyssey, Leipzig, 1889–1891; Iliad, 2 vols., 1901 and 1907)
- W. Leaf (Iliad, London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900–1902)
- William Walter Merry and James Riddell (Odyssey i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886)
- Monro (Odyssey xiii–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901)
- Monro and Allen (Iliad), and Allen (Odyssey, 1908, Oxford).
- D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917–1920, Homeri Opera (5 volumes: Iliad = 3rd edition, Odyssey = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814528-4, ISBN 0-19-814529-2, ISBN 0-19-814531-4, ISBN 0-19-814532-2, ISBN 0-19-814534-9
- H. van Thiel 1991, Homeri Odyssea, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09458-4, 1996, Homeri Ilias, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09459-2
- M.L. West 1998–2000, Homeri Ilias (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71431-9, ISBN 3-598-71435-1
- P. von der Mühll 1993, Homeri Odyssea, Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71432-7
Interlinear translations
- The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear, Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text ISBN 978-1-60725-298-6
English translations
Main article: English translations of Homer
This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
- Augustus Taber Murray (1866–1940)
- Homer: Iliad, 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1999).
- Homer: Odyssey, 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1995).
- Robert Fitzgerald (1910–1985)
- The Iliad, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN 0-374-52905-1
- The Odyssey, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN 0-374-52574-9
- Robert Fagles (1933–2008)
- The Iliad, Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN 0-14-027536-3
- The Odyssey, Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN 0-14-026886-3
- Stanley Lombardo (b. 1943)
- Iliad, Hackett Publishing Company (1997) ISBN 0-87220-352-2
- Odyssey, Hackett Publishing Company (2000) ISBN 0-87220-484-7
- Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-08-3
- Odyssey, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-06-7
- The Essential Homer, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-12-1
- The Essential Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-10-5
- Barry B. Powell (b. 1942)
- "Iliad", Oxford University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-19-932610-5
- "Odyssey", Oxford University PressI (2014) ISBN 978-0-19-936031-4
- "Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books", Oxford University Press (2014) ISBN 978-0-19-939407-4
- Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
- The Iliad, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-04-1
- The Odyssey, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-05-8
- Herbert Jordan (b. 1938)
- Iliad, University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover)
General works on Homer
- Carlier, Pierre (1999). Homère (in French). Paris: Les éditions Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60381-2.
- de Romilly, Jacqueline (2005). Homère (5th ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-054830-X.
- Fowler, Robert, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01246-5.
- Latacz, J.; Windle, Kevin, Tr.; Ireland, Rosh, Tr. (2004). Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926308-6. In German, 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig, 2005. In Spanish, 2003, ISBN 84-233-3487-2. In modern Greek, 2005, ISBN 960-16-1557-1.
- Monro, David Binning (1911). "Homer". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 626–39.
- Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B., eds. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09989-1.
- Powell, Barry B. (2007). Homer (2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-6.
- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (2000). Le monde d'Homère (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01181-8.
- Wace, A.J.B.; F.H. Stubbings (1962). A Companion to Homer. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-07113-1.
Influential readings and interpretations
- Auerbach, Erich (1953). "Chapter 1". Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11336-X. (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern)
- de Jong, Irene J.F. (2004). Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad (2nd ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 1-85399-658-0.
- Edwards, Mark W. (1987). Homer, Poet of the Iliad. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3329-9.
- Fenik, Bernard (1974). Studies in the Odyssey. Hermes, Einzelschriften 30. Wiesbaden: Steiner.
- Finley, Moses (2002). The World of Odysseus. New York: New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-017-5.
- Nagy, Gregory (1979). The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Nagy, Gregory (2010). Homer: the Preclassic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95024-5.
- Iliad:
- P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations, London. ISBN 1-85399-657-2
- G. S. Kirk (gen. ed.) 1985–1993, The Iliad: A Commentary (6 volumes), Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-28171-7, ISBN 0-521-28172-5, ISBN 0-521-28173-3, ISBN 0-521-28174-1, ISBN 0-521-31208-6, ISBN 0-521-31209-4
- J. Latacz (gen. ed.) 2002 Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913) (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-74307-6, ISBN 3-598-74304-1
- N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Exeter. ISBN 0-85989-684-6
- M.W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, A Companion to the Iliad, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-89855-5
- Odyssey:
- A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814747-3, ISBN 0-19-872144-7, ISBN 0-19-814953-0
- P. Jones (ed.) 1988, Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-038-8
- I.J.F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-46844-2
Dating the Homeric poems
- Janko, Richard (1982). Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23869-2.
Further reading
- Buck, Carl Darling (1928). The Greek Dialects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard (tr.) (1914). Hesiod, the Homeric hymns and Homerica. The Loeb Classical Library. London; New York: Heinemann; MacMillen.
- Ford, Andrew (1992). Homer : the poetry of the past. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2700-2.
- Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kirk, G.S. (1962). The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library.
- Murray, Gilbert (1960). The Rise of the Greek Epic (Galaxy Books ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Schein, Seth L. (1984). The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer's Iliad. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05128-9.
- Silk, Michael (1987). Homer: The Iliad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83233-0.
- Smith, William, ed. (1876). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. I, II & III. London: John Murray.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homer. |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Homer |
|
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Homer |
Library resources about
Homer
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- Online books
- Resources in your library
- Resources in other libraries
|
| By Homer |
- Online books
- Resources in your library
- Resources in other libraries
|
- Works by Homer at Perseus Digital Library
- Homer at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Works by Homer at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Homer at Internet Archive
- Works by Homer at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Homer; Murray, A.T. The Iliad with an English Translation (in Ancient Greek and English). I, Books I–XII. London; New York: William Heinemann Ltd.; G.P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive.
- The Chicago Homer
- Daitz, Stephen (reader). "Homer, Iliad, Book I, lines 1–52". Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL).
- Heath, Malcolm (May 4, 2001). "CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey". Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- Bassino, Paola (2014). "Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources". Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history. Durham University. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
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Works related to Homer in antiquity
|
| Attributed to Homer |
- Batrachomyomachia
- Cercopes
- Cypria
- Epigrams (Kiln)
- Epigoni
- Homeric Hymns
- Iliad
- Little Iliad
- Margites
- Nostoi
- Odyssey
- Capture of Oechalia
- Phocais
- Thebaid
|
|
| About Homer |
- Ancient accounts of Homer
- Contest of Homer and Hesiod
- Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)
|
|
Associated subjects
|
|
Theban Cycle
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| Poems |
- Oedipodea
- Thebaid
- Epigoni
- Alcmeonis
|
|
| Nominal authors |
- Cinaethon (Oedipodea)
- Homer (Thebaid, Epigoni)
- Antimachus of Teos (Epigoni)
|
|
Epic Cycle
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- Cypria
- Iliad
- Aethiopis
- Little Iliad
- Iliupersis
- Nostoi
- Odyssey
- Telegony
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Homer's Iliad (8th century BC)
|
| Characters |
|
|
| Major deities |
- Aphrodite
- Apollo
- Ares
- Artemis
- Athena
- Hades
- Hephaestus
- Hera
- Hermes
- Poseidon
- Zeus
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| Minor deities |
- Deimos
- Eris
- Iris
- Leto
- Phobos
- Proteus
- Scamander
- Thetis
|
|
| Films |
- Helena (1924)
- Helen of Troy (1956)
- The Trojan Horse (1961)
- Troy (2004)
|
| Literature |
| Verse |
- Priapea 68
- De bello Troiano (1183)
- The Rape of the Lock (1712)
- "The Shield of Achilles" (1952)
- War Music (1959)
- Omeros (1990)
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| Novels |
- The Firebrand (1987)
- Black Ships Before Troy (1993)
- Troy (2000)
- Ilium (2003)
- Ransom (2009)
- The Adventures of Odysseus (2010-2014)
- Starcrossed (2011)
|
|
| Alternate versions |
- Ilias Latina (60–70 CE)
- Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani (4th century ?)
- Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia (5th century)
- Hermoniakos' Iliad (14th century)
- Men in Aida (1983)
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| Translations |
- "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
- On Translating Homer
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| Stage |
- The Golden Apple (musical)
- Rhesus (play)
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| Sections |
- Catalogue of Ships
- Deception of Zeus
- Trojan Battle Order
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| Manuscripts |
- Ambrosian Iliad
- Codex Nitriensis
- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20
- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21
- Uncial 098
- Venetus A
- Venetus B
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| Phrases |
- "Ever to Excel"
- "Hold your horses"
|
| Television |
- The Myth Makers (1965)
- In Search of the Trojan War (1985)
- Helen of Troy (2003 miniseries)
|
| Art |
- The Apotheosis of Homer
- The Loves of Paris and Helen
- Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus
- Orestes Pursued by the Furies
- The Revelers Vase
- Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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| Music |
- King Priam (1961 Tippett opera)
- The Triumph of Steel (1992 album)
- "And Then There Was Silence" (2001 song)
- The Odyssey (Smith symphony)
|
| Study |
- Homeric scholarship
- Homeric Question
- Historicity of Homer
- The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales
- "The Iliad or the Poem of Force" (1939 essay)
- Milawata letter
- Rediscovering Homer
- Dactylic hexameter
|
| Other |
- Warriors: Legends of Troy (video game)
- Age of Bronze (comics)
- Sortes Homericae
- Tabula iliaca
- "In medias res"
- "Noblesse oblige"
- The Trojan War Will Not Take Place
- Heraclitus
- Weighing of souls
- Where Troy Once Stood
- Blood rain
|
|
| Authority control |
- WorldCat Identities
- VIAF: 224924963
- LCCN: n78095639
- ISNI: 0000 0001 2145 7753
- GND: 11855333X
- SELIBR: 189316
- SUDOC: 026924005
- BNF: cb11907688f (data)
- BIBSYS: 90069675
- ULAN: 500279109
- MusicBrainz: b721f499-8caa-4442-a411-568807b14464
- NLA: 35204200
- NDL: 00443699
- NKC: jn19981001474
- ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV
==Wikipedia preview==
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/03/23 22:02:01」(JST)
====[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/homer wiki en]====
For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation).
"Homeric" and "Homerus" redirect here. For other uses, see Homeric (disambiguation) and Homerus (disambiguation).
Roman bust of Homer from the second century AD, portrayed with traditional iconography, based on a Greek original dating to the Hellenistic Period [1]
Homer (; Greek: Ὅμηρος [hómɛːros], Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy.
Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider them legends.[2][3][4]
The Homeric Question—concerning by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed—continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups. One holds that most of the Iliad and (according to some) the Odyssey are the works of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and re-working by many contributors, and that "Homer" is best seen as a label for an entire tradition.[4]
It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late 8th or early 7th century BC.[5] The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic.[6][7] Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.[8]
From antiquity until the present day, the influence of the Homeric epics on Western civilization has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film.[9] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.[10][11]
Contents
- 1 Works attributed to Homer
- 2 Ancient biographies of Homer
- 3 Homeric studies and the Homeric question
- 4 Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society
- 5 Homeric language
- 6 Homeric style
- 7 Textual transmission
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 Selected bibliography
- 10.1 Editions
- 10.2 Interlinear translations
- 10.3 English translations
- 10.4 General works on Homer
- 10.5 Influential readings and interpretations
- 10.6 Commentaries
- 10.7 Dating the Homeric poems
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Works attributed to Homer[edit]
Homer and His Guide (1874) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Today only the Iliad and Odyssey are associated with the name 'Homer'. In antiquity, a very large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him, including the Homeric Hymns, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod, the Little Iliad, the Nostoi, the Thebaid, the Cypria, the Epigoni, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War"), the Margites, the Capture of Oechalia, and the Phocais. These claims are not considered authentic today and were by no means universally accepted in the ancient world. As with the multitude of legends surrounding Homer's life, they indicate little more than the centrality of Homer to ancient Greek culture.[12][13][14]
Ancient biographies of Homer[edit]
Further information: Ancient accounts of Homer
Many traditions circulated in the ancient world concerning Homer, most of which are lost. Modern scholarly consensus is that they have no value as history. Some claims were established early and repeated often - that Homer was blind (taking as self-referential a passage describing the blind bard Demodocus[15][16]), that he was born in Chios, that he was the son of the river Meles and a nymph, that he was a wandering bard, that he composed a varying list of other works (the Homerica), that he died either in Ios or after failing to solve a riddle set by fishermen, and various explanations for the name 'Homer'. The two best known ancient biographies of Homer are the Life of Homer by the Pseudo-Herodotus and the Contest of Homer and Hesiod.[17][18]
Homeric studies and the Homeric question[edit]
Further information: Homeric scholarship and Homeric Question
Part of an 11th-century manuscript, "the Townley Homer". The writings on the top and right side are scholia.
The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. The aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia. Ancient Greek scholars first sought to establish a canonical text of the poems and to explicate points that were difficult (whether linguistically or culturally).[19]
The Byzantine scholars such as Eustathius of Thessalonica and John Tzetzes produced commentaries, extensions and scholia to Homer, especially in the 12th century.[20] Virgil was more widely read during the Renaissance and Homer was often seen through a Virgilian lens.[21]
Friedrich August Wolf's Prolegomena ad Homerum launched modern Homeric scholarship, arguing that the poems were assembled at a late date by literate authors from a large group of much shorter poems that were originally transmitted orally. Wolf and the 'Analyst' school, which led the field in the 19th century, sought to recover the original, authentic poems which were thought to be concealed by later excresences. In contrast the 'Unitarians' saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet.[22][23]
In the 20th century, Milman Parry and Albert Lord, after their studies of folk bards in the Balkans, developed the 'Oral-Formulaic theory' that the Homeric poems were originally improvised. This theory found very wide scholarly acceptance.[24] The 'Neoanalysts' sought to bridge the gap between the 'Analysts' and 'Unitarians'.[25][26]
Today Homeric scholarship continues to develop. Most scholars, although disagreeing on other questions about the genesis of the poems, agree that the Iliad and the Odyssey were not produced by the same author, based on "the many differences of narrative manner, theology, ethics, vocabulary, and geographical perspective, and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the Odyssey in relation to the Iliad."[27][28][29]
Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the Trojan War; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards.[30] Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems; at one extreme Richard Janko has taken an 8th-century BC date, at the other scholars such as Gregory Nagy see 'Homer' as a continually evolving tradition which only ceased when the poems were written down in the 6th century BC.[31][32] Martin West has argued that the Iliad echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660-650 BC at the earliest, with the Odyssey up to a generation later.[33][34] A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems, complicating the search for a precise date.[35]
'Homer' is a name of unknown etymological origin, around which many theories were erected in antiquity; one such linkage was to the Greek ὅμηρος (hómēros), "hostage" (or "surety"). The explanations suggested by modern scholars tend to mirror their position on the overall Homeric question. Nagy interprets it as "he who fits (the song) together". West has advanced both possible Greek and Phoenecian etymologies.[36][37]
Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society[edit]
Greece according to the Iliad
Main article: Historicity of Homer
Scholars continue to debate questions such as whether the Trojan War actually took place - and if so when and where - and to what extent the society depicted by Homer is based on his own or one which was, even at the time of the poems’ composition, known only as legend. The Homeric epics are largely set in the east and center of the Mediterranean, with some scattered references to Egypt, Ethiopia and other distant lands, in a warlike society that resembles that of the Greek world slightly before the hypothesized date of the poems' composition.[38][39][40][41]
In ancient Greek chronology, the sack of Troy was dated to 1184 BC. By the nineteenth century there was widespread scholarly skepticism that Troy or the Trojan War had ever existed, but in 1873 Heinrich Schliemann announced to the world that he had discovered the ruins of Homer’s Troy at Hissarlik in modern Turkey. Some contemporary scholars think the destruction of Troy VIIa circa 1220 BC was the origin of the myth of the Trojan War, others that the poem was inspired by multiple similar sieges that took place over the centuries.[42]
Homer depicts customs that are not characteristic of any one historical period. For instance, his heroes use bronze weapons, characteristic of the Bronze Age rather than the later Iron Age during which the poems were composed; yet they are cremated (an Iron Age practice) rather than buried (as they were in the Bronze Age).[43][44][45]
In the Iliad 10.260-265, Odysseus is described as wearing a helmet made of boar's tusks. Such helmets were not worn in Homer's time, but were commonly worn by aristocratic warriors between 1600 and 1150 BC.[46][47][48] The decipherment of Linear B in the 1950s by Michael Ventris and continued archaeological investigation has increased modern scholars' understanding of Aegean civilisation, which in many ways resembles the ancient Near East more than the society described by Homer.[49]
Homeric language[edit]
Main article: Homeric Greek
Detail of The Parnassus (painted 1509-1510) by Raphael, depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop Mount Parnassus, with Dante Alighieri on his right and Virgil on his left
The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic hexameteric poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the Iliad was composed slightly before the Odyssey, and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems.[50][51]
Homeric style[edit]
The Homeric poems were composed in unrhymed dactylic hexameter; ancient Greek metre was quantity rather than stress based.[52][53] Homer frequently uses set phrases such as epithets ('crafty Odysseus', 'rosy-fingered Dawn', 'owl-eyed Athena', etc.), Homeric formulae ('and then answered [him/her], Agamemnon, king of men', 'when the early-born rose-fingered Dawn came to light', 'thus he/she spoke'), simile, type scenes, ring composition and repetition. These habits aid the extemporizing bard, and are characteristic of oral poetry. For instance, the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning, whereas literate poets like Virgil or Milton use longer and more complicated syntactical structures. Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses; this technique is called parataxis.[54]
The so-called 'type scenes' (typischen Scenen), were named by Walter Arend in 1933. He noted that Homer often, when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating, praying, fighting and dressing, used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet. The 'Analyst' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric, whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically. Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures.[55][56]
'Ring composition' or chiastic structure (when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story, or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A, B, C... before being reversed as ...C, B, A) has been observed in the Homeric epics. Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device, a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling.[57][58]
Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the Muse.[59] In the Iliad, the poet invokes her to sing of "the anger of Achilles",[59] and, in the Odyssey, he asks her to sing of "the man of many ways".[59] A similar opening was later employed by Virgil in his Aeneid.[59]
Textual transmission[edit]
A Reading from Homer (1885) by Lawrence Alma-Tadema
The orally transmitted Homeric poems were put into written form at some point between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Some scholars believe that they were dictated by the poet; Albert Lord noted that, in the process of dictating, the Balkan bards he recorded revised and extended their lays. Some scholars hypothesize that a similar process occurred when the Homeric poems were first written.[60][61]
Other scholars such as Gregory Nagy hold that, after the poems were formed in the 8th century, they were orally transmitted with little deviation until they were written down in the 6th century.[62] After textualisation, the poems were each divided into 24 rhapsodes, today referred to as books, and labelled by the letters of the Greek alphabet. These divisions probably date from before 200 BC, and may have been made by Homer.[63]
In antiquity it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens by the tyrant Pesistratos (died 528/7 BC), in the famed 'Pesistratean recension'.[64] From around 150 BC the text seems to have become relatively established. After the establishment of the Library of Alexandria, Homeric scholars such as Zenodotus of Ephesus, Aristophanes of Byzantium and in particular Aristarchus of Samothrace helped establish a canonical text.[65]
The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan. Today scholars use medieval manuscripts, papyri and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The 19th century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991,1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as Martin West (1998-2000) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes.[65]
See also[edit]
- Ancient Greece portal
- Poetry portal
- Literature portal
- Achaeans (Homer)
- Aeneid
- Bibliomancy
- Catalogue of Ships
- Creophylus of Samos
- Cyclic Poets
- Deception of Zeus
- Epithets in Homer
- Geography of the Odyssey
- Greek mythology
- Hector
- Historicity of Homer
- Homeric scholarship
- Ithaca
- List of Homeric characters
- Peisistratos
- Sortes Homericae
- Tabula iliaca
- Telemachy
- The Golden Bough
- Trojan Battle Order
- Trojan War in popular culture
- Troy VII
- Venetus A Manuscript
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Portrait Bust". britishmuseum.org. The British Museum.
- ^ Wilson, Nigel. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. p. 366. ISBN 9781136788000. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Romilly, Jacqueline de. A Short History of Greek Literature. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780226143125. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ a b Graziosi, Barbara. Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780521809665. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Croally, Neil; Hyde, Roy. Classical Literature: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781136736629. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Hose, Martin; Schenker, David. A Companion to Greek Literature. John Wiley & Sons. p. 445. ISBN 9781118885956.
- ^ Miller, D. Gary. Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus. Walter de Gruyter. p. 351. ISBN 9781614512950. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna. The Odyssey Re-formed. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801483352. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Latacz, Joachim. Homer, His Art and His World. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472083538. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Too, Yun Lee. The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World. OUP Oxford. p. 86. ISBN 9780199577804. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ MacDonald, Dennis R. Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780195358629. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Kelly, Adrian D. (2012). "Homerica". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0606.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara; Haubold, Johannes (2005). Homer: The Resonance of Epic. A&C Black. pp. 24–26. ISBN 9780715632826.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Odyssey, 8:64ff.
- ^ Lefkowitz, Mary R. (2013). The Lives of the Greek Poets. A&C Black. pp. 14–30. ISBN 9781472503077.
- ^ Kelly, Adrian D. (2012). "Biographies of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0243.
- ^ Dickey, Eleanor (2012). "Scholarship, Ancient". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1307.
- ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (2012). "Scholarship, Byzantine". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1308.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, Renaissance through 17th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1310.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 18th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1311.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 19th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1312.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (1988). The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253342600.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 20th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1313.
- ^ Edwards, Mark W. (2012). "Neoanalysis". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0968.
- ^ West, M.L. (1999). "The Invention of Homer". Classical Quarterly. 49 (2): 364. doi:10.1093/cq/49.2.364.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Homeric Question". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0605.
- ^ Latacz, Joachim; Bierl, Anton; Olson, S. Douglas (2015). "New Trends in Homeric Scholarship" in Homer's Iliad: The Basel Commentary. De Gruyter. ISBN 9781614517375.
- ^ Saïd, Suzanne (2011). Homer and the Odyssey. OUP Oxford. pp. 14–17. ISBN 9780199542840.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–92. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Fowler, Robert; Fowler, Robert Louis (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–232. ISBN 9780521012461.
- ^ Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 9780226313290.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Date of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0330.
- ^ Burgess, Jonathan S. (2003). The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle. JHU Press. pp. 49–53. ISBN 9780801874819.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–89. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ West, M.L. (1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 622.
- ^ Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2012). "Historicity of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0601.
- ^ Finley, Moses I. (1991). The World of Odysseus. Penguin. ISBN 9780140136869.
- ^ Wees, Hans van (2009). War and Violence in Ancient Greece. ISD LLC. ISBN 9781910589298.
- ^ Morris, Ian (1986). "The Use and Abuse of Homer". Classical Antiquity. 5 (1): 81–138. doi:10.2307/25010840.
- ^ Dowden, Ken; Livingstone, Niall (2011). A Companion to Greek Mythology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 440. ISBN 9781444396935.
- ^ Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2014). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Infobase Publishing. p. 356. ISBN 9781438110202.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. BRILL. pp. 434–435. ISBN 9789004217607.
- ^ Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9780192854384.
- ^ Wood, Michael (1996). In Search of the Trojan War. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-520-21599-0. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Schofield, Louise (2007). The Mycenaeans. Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-89236-867-9. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Everson, Tim (2004). Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-7524-9506-4. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. BRILL. p. 625. ISBN 9789004217607.
- ^ Willi, Andreas (2012). "Language, Homeric". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0792.
- ^ Bakker, Egbert J. (2010). A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language. John Wiley & Sons. p. 401. ISBN 9781444317404.
- ^ W. Edwards, Mark (2012). "Meter". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0913.
- ^ Nussbaum, G. B. (1986). Homer's Metre: A Practical Guide for Reading Greek Hexameter Poetry. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 9780862921729.
- ^ Edwards, Mark W. (2012). "Style". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1377.
- ^ Reece, Steve T. (2012). "Type-Scenes". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1488.
- ^ Edwards, MW (1992). "Homer and Oral Tradition: The Type-Scene". Oral Tradition. 7: 284–330.
- ^ Stanley, Keith (2014). The Shield of Homer: Narrative Structure in the Illiad. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400863372.
- ^ Minchin, Elizabeth (2012). "Ring Composition". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1287.
- ^ a b c d Adler, Eve (2003). Vergil's Empire: Political Thought in the Aeneid. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7425-2167-4.
- ^ Kirk, G. S. (1976). Homer and the Oral Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780521213097.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (2012). "Oral Dictated Texts". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1029.
- ^ Nagy, Gregory (1996). Poetry as Performance: Homer and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521558488.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Book Division". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0253.
- ^ Jensen, Minna Skafte (1980). The Homeric Question and the Oral-formulaic Theory. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 128. ISBN 9788772890968.
- ^ a b Haslam, Michael (2012). "Text and Transmission". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1413.
Selected bibliography[edit]
Editions[edit]
- Texts in Homeric Greek
- Demetrius Chalcondyles editio princeps, Florence, 1488
- the Aldine editions (1504 and 1517)
- 1st ed. with comments, Micyllus and Camerarius, Basel, 1535, 1541 (improved text), 1551 (incl. the Batrachomyomachia)
- Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, c. 1572, 1588 and 1592.
- Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807)
- Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836)
- Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858)
- La Roche (Odyssey, 1867–1868; Iliad, 1873–1876, both at Leipzig)
- Ludwich (Odyssey, Leipzig, 1889–1891; Iliad, 2 vols., 1901 and 1907)
- W. Leaf (Iliad, London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900–1902)
- William Walter Merry and James Riddell (Odyssey i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886)
- Monro (Odyssey xiii–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901)
- Monro and Allen (Iliad), and Allen (Odyssey, 1908, Oxford).
- D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917–1920, Homeri Opera (5 volumes: Iliad = 3rd edition, Odyssey = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814528-4, ISBN 0-19-814529-2, ISBN 0-19-814531-4, ISBN 0-19-814532-2, ISBN 0-19-814534-9
- H. van Thiel 1991, Homeri Odyssea, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09458-4, 1996, Homeri Ilias, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09459-2
- M.L. West 1998–2000, Homeri Ilias (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71431-9, ISBN 3-598-71435-1
- P. von der Mühll 1993, Homeri Odyssea, Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71432-7
Interlinear translations[edit]
- The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear, Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text ISBN 978-1-60725-298-6
English translations[edit]
Main article: English translations of Homer
This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
- Augustus Taber Murray (1866–1940)
- Homer: Iliad, 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1999).
- Homer: Odyssey, 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1995).
- Robert Fitzgerald (1910–1985)
- The Iliad, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN 0-374-52905-1
- The Odyssey, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN 0-374-52574-9
- Robert Fagles (1933–2008)
- The Iliad, Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN 0-14-027536-3
- The Odyssey, Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN 0-14-026886-3
- Stanley Lombardo (b. 1943)
- Iliad, Hackett Publishing Company (1997) ISBN 0-87220-352-2
- Odyssey, Hackett Publishing Company (2000) ISBN 0-87220-484-7
- Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-08-3
- Odyssey, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-06-7
- The Essential Homer, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-12-1
- The Essential Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-10-5
- Barry B. Powell (b. 1942)
- "Iliad", Oxford University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-19-932610-5
- "Odyssey", Oxford University PressI (2014) ISBN 978-0-19-936031-4
- "Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books", Oxford University Press (2014) ISBN 978-0-19-939407-4
- Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
- The Iliad, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-04-1
- The Odyssey, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-05-8
- Herbert Jordan (b. 1938)
- Iliad, University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover)
General works on Homer[edit]
- Carlier, Pierre (1999). Homère (in French). Paris: Les éditions Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60381-2.
- de Romilly, Jacqueline (2005). Homère (5th ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-054830-X.
- Fowler, Robert, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01246-5.
- Latacz, J.; Windle, Kevin, Tr.; Ireland, Rosh, Tr. (2004). Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926308-6. In German, 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig, 2005. In Spanish, 2003, ISBN 84-233-3487-2. In modern Greek, 2005, ISBN 960-16-1557-1.
- Monro, David Binning (1911). "Homer". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 626–39.
- Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B., eds. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09989-1.
- Powell, Barry B. (2007). Homer (2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-6.
- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (2000). Le monde d'Homère (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01181-8.
- Wace, A.J.B.; F.H. Stubbings (1962). A Companion to Homer. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-07113-1.
Influential readings and interpretations[edit]
- Auerbach, Erich (1953). "Chapter 1". Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11336-X. (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern)
- de Jong, Irene J.F. (2004). Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad (2nd ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 1-85399-658-0.
- Edwards, Mark W. (1987). Homer, Poet of the Iliad. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3329-9.
- Fenik, Bernard (1974). Studies in the Odyssey. Hermes, Einzelschriften 30. Wiesbaden: Steiner.
- Finley, Moses (2002). The World of Odysseus. New York: New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-017-5.
- Nagy, Gregory (1979). The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Nagy, Gregory (2010). Homer: the Preclassic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95024-5.
[edit]
- Iliad:
- P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations, London. ISBN 1-85399-657-2
- G. S. Kirk (gen. ed.) 1985–1993, The Iliad: A Commentary (6 volumes), Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-28171-7, ISBN 0-521-28172-5, ISBN 0-521-28173-3, ISBN 0-521-28174-1, ISBN 0-521-31208-6, ISBN 0-521-31209-4
- J. Latacz (gen. ed.) 2002 Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913) (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-74307-6, ISBN 3-598-74304-1
- N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Exeter. ISBN 0-85989-684-6
- M.W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, A Companion to the Iliad, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-89855-5
- Odyssey:
- A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814747-3, ISBN 0-19-872144-7, ISBN 0-19-814953-0
- P. Jones (ed.) 1988, Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-038-8
- I.J.F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-46844-2
Dating the Homeric poems[edit]
- Janko, Richard (1982). Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23869-2.
Further reading[edit]
- Buck, Carl Darling (1928). The Greek Dialects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard (tr.) (1914). Hesiod, the Homeric hymns and Homerica. The Loeb Classical Library. London; New York: Heinemann; MacMillen.
- Ford, Andrew (1992). Homer : the poetry of the past. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2700-2.
- Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kirk, G.S. (1962). The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library.
- Murray, Gilbert (1960). The Rise of the Greek Epic (Galaxy Books ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Schein, Seth L. (1984). The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer's Iliad. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05128-9.
- Silk, Michael (1987). Homer: The Iliad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83233-0.
- Smith, William, ed. (1876). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. I, II & III. London: John Murray.
External links[edit]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homer. |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Homer |
|
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Homer |
Library resources about
Homer
|
- Online books
- Resources in your library
- Resources in other libraries
|
| By Homer |
- Online books
- Resources in your library
- Resources in other libraries
|
- Works by Homer at Perseus Digital Library
- Homer at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Works by Homer at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Homer at Internet Archive
- Works by Homer at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Homer; Murray, A.T. The Iliad with an English Translation (in Ancient Greek and English). I, Books I–XII. London; New York: William Heinemann Ltd.; G.P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive.
- The Chicago Homer
- Daitz, Stephen (reader). "Homer, Iliad, Book I, lines 1–52". Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL).
- Heath, Malcolm (May 4, 2001). "CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey". Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- Bassino, Paola (2014). "Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources". Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history. Durham University. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
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Works related to Homer in antiquity
|
| Attributed to Homer |
- Batrachomyomachia
- Cercopes
- Cypria
- Epigrams (Kiln)
- Epigoni
- Homeric Hymns
- Iliad
- Little Iliad
- Margites
- Nostoi
- Odyssey
- Capture of Oechalia
- Phocais
- Thebaid
|
|
| About Homer |
- Ancient accounts of Homer
- Contest of Homer and Hesiod
- Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)
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Associated subjects
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Theban Cycle
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| Poems |
- Oedipodea
- Thebaid
- Epigoni
- Alcmeonis
|
|
| Nominal authors |
- Cinaethon (Oedipodea)
- Homer (Thebaid, Epigoni)
- Antimachus of Teos (Epigoni)
|
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Epic Cycle
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- Cypria
- Iliad
- Aethiopis
- Little Iliad
- Iliupersis
- Nostoi
- Odyssey
- Telegony
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Homer's Iliad (8th century BC)
|
| Characters |
|
|
| Major deities |
- Aphrodite
- Apollo
- Ares
- Artemis
- Athena
- Hades
- Hephaestus
- Hera
- Hermes
- Poseidon
- Zeus
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| Minor deities |
- Deimos
- Eris
- Iris
- Leto
- Phobos
- Proteus
- Scamander
- Thetis
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|
| Films |
- Helena (1924)
- Helen of Troy (1956)
- The Trojan Horse (1961)
- Troy (2004)
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| Literature |
| Verse |
- Priapea 68
- De bello Troiano (1183)
- The Rape of the Lock (1712)
- "The Shield of Achilles" (1952)
- War Music (1959)
- Omeros (1990)
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| Novels |
- The Firebrand (1987)
- Black Ships Before Troy (1993)
- Troy (2000)
- Ilium (2003)
- Ransom (2009)
- The Adventures of Odysseus (2010-2014)
- Starcrossed (2011)
|
|
| Alternate versions |
- Ilias Latina (60–70 CE)
- Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani (4th century ?)
- Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia (5th century)
- Hermoniakos' Iliad (14th century)
- Men in Aida (1983)
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| Translations |
- "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
- On Translating Homer
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| Stage |
- The Golden Apple (musical)
- Rhesus (play)
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| Sections |
- Catalogue of Ships
- Deception of Zeus
- Trojan Battle Order
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| Manuscripts |
- Ambrosian Iliad
- Codex Nitriensis
- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20
- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21
- Uncial 098
- Venetus A
- Venetus B
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| Phrases |
- "Ever to Excel"
- "Hold your horses"
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| Television |
- The Myth Makers (1965)
- In Search of the Trojan War (1985)
- Helen of Troy (2003 miniseries)
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| Art |
- The Apotheosis of Homer
- The Loves of Paris and Helen
- Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus
- Orestes Pursued by the Furies
- The Revelers Vase
- Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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| Music |
- King Priam (1961 Tippett opera)
- The Triumph of Steel (1992 album)
- "And Then There Was Silence" (2001 song)
- The Odyssey (Smith symphony)
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| Study |
- Homeric scholarship
- Homeric Question
- Historicity of Homer
- The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales
- "The Iliad or the Poem of Force" (1939 essay)
- Milawata letter
- Rediscovering Homer
- Dactylic hexameter
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| Other |
- Warriors: Legends of Troy (video game)
- Age of Bronze (comics)
- Sortes Homericae
- Tabula iliaca
- "In medias res"
- "Noblesse oblige"
- The Trojan War Will Not Take Place
- Heraclitus
- Weighing of souls
- Where Troy Once Stood
- Blood rain
|
|
</tbody>
| Authority control |
- WorldCat Identities
- VIAF: 224924963
- LCCN: n78095639
- ISNI: 0000 0001 2145 7753
- GND: 11855333X
- SELIBR: 189316
- SUDOC: 026924005
- BNF: cb11907688f (data)
- BIBSYS: 90069675
- ULAN: 500279109
- MusicBrainz: b721f499-8caa-4442-a411-568807b14464
- NLA: 35204200
- NDL: 00443699
- NKC: jn19981001474
- ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV
==Wikipedia preview==
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/08/02 12:55:08」(JST)
====[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/homer wiki en]====
name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation).
"Homeric" and "Homerus" redirect here. For other uses, see Homeric (disambiguation) and Homerus (disambiguation).
Roman bust of Homer from the second century AD, portrayed with traditional iconography, based on a Greek original dating to the Hellenistic Period [1] Homer (; Greek: Ὅμηρος [hómɛːros], Hómēros) is the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy.
Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider them legends.[2][3][4]
The Homeric Question—concerning by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed—continues to be debated. Broadly speaking, modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups. One holds that most of the Iliad and (according to some) the Odyssey are the works of a single poet of genius. The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and re-working by many contributors, and that "Homer" is best seen as a label for an entire tradition.[4]
It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late 8th or early 7th century BC.[5] The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic.[6][7] Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.[8]
From antiquity until the present day, the influence of the Homeric epics on Western civilization has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film.[9] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.[10][11]
Works attributed to Homer[edit]
Homer and His Guide (1874) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau Today only the Iliad and Odyssey are associated with the name 'Homer'. In antiquity, a very large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him, including the Homeric Hymns, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod, the Little Iliad, the Nostoi, the Thebaid, the Cypria, the Epigoni, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War"), the Margites, the Capture of Oechalia, and the Phocais. These claims are not considered authentic today and were by no means universally accepted in the ancient world. As with the multitude of legends surrounding Homer's life, they indicate little more than the centrality of Homer to ancient Greek culture.[12][13][14]
Ancient biographies of Homer[edit]
Further information: Ancient accounts of Homer
Many traditions circulated in the ancient world concerning Homer, most of which are lost. Modern scholarly consensus is that they have no value as history. Some claims were established early and repeated often - that Homer was blind (taking as self-referential a passage describing the blind bard Demodocus[15][16]), that he was born in Chios, that he was the son of the river Meles and the nymph Critheïs, that he was a wandering bard, that he composed a varying list of other works (the Homerica), that he died either in Ios or after failing to solve a riddle set by fishermen, and various explanations for the name 'Homer'. The two best known ancient biographies of Homer are the Life of Homer by the Pseudo-Herodotus and the Contest of Homer and Hesiod.[17][18]
Homeric studies and the Homeric question[edit]
Further information: Homeric scholarship and Homeric Question
Part of an 11th-century manuscript, "the Townley Homer". The writings on the top and right side are scholia. The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. The aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia. Ancient Greek scholars first sought to establish a canonical text of the poems and to explicate points that were difficult (whether linguistically or culturally).[19]
The Byzantine scholars such as Eustathius of Thessalonica and John Tzetzes produced commentaries, extensions and scholia to Homer, especially in the 12th century.[20] Virgil was more widely read during the Renaissance and Homer was often seen through a Virgilian lens.[21]
Friedrich August Wolf's Prolegomena ad Homerum launched modern Homeric scholarship, arguing that the poems were assembled at a late date by literate authors from a large group of much shorter poems that were originally transmitted orally. Wolf and the 'Analyst' school, which led the field in the 19th century, sought to recover the original, authentic poems which were thought to be concealed by later excrescences. In contrast the 'Unitarians' saw the later additions as superior, the work of a single inspired poet.[22][23]
In the 20th century, Milman Parry and Albert Lord, after their studies of folk bards in the Balkans, developed the Oral-Formulaic Theory that the Homeric poems were originally improvised. This theory found very wide scholarly acceptance.[24] The 'Neoanalysts' sought to bridge the gap between the 'Analysts' and 'Unitarians'.[25][26]
Today Homeric scholarship continues to develop. Most scholars, although disagreeing on other questions about the genesis of the poems, agree that the Iliad and the Odyssey were not produced by the same author, based on "the many differences of narrative manner, theology, ethics, vocabulary, and geographical perspective, and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the Odyssey in relation to the Iliad."[27][28][29]
Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the Trojan War; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards.[30] Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems; at one extreme Richard Janko has taken an 8th-century BC date, at the other scholars such as Gregory Nagy see 'Homer' as a continually evolving tradition which only ceased when the poems were written down in the 6th century BC.[31][32] Martin West has argued that the Iliad echoes the poetry of Hesiod, and that it must have been composed around 660-650 BC at the earliest, with the Odyssey up to a generation later.[33][34] A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems, complicating the search for a precise date.[35]
'Homer' is a name of unknown etymological origin, around which many theories were erected in antiquity; one such linkage was to the Greek ὅμηρος (hómēros), "hostage" (or "surety"). The explanations suggested by modern scholars tend to mirror their position on the overall Homeric question. Nagy interprets it as "he who fits (the song) together". West has advanced both possible Greek and Phoenician etymologies.[36][37]
Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society[edit]
Greece according to the Iliad Main article: Historicity of Homer
Scholars continue to debate questions such as whether the Trojan War actually took place - and if so when and where - and to what extent the society depicted by Homer is based on his own or one which was, even at the time of the poems’ composition, known only as legend. The Homeric epics are largely set in the east and center of the Mediterranean, with some scattered references to Egypt, Ethiopia and other distant lands, in a warlike society that resembles that of the Greek world slightly before the hypothesized date of the poems' composition.[38][39][40][41]
In ancient Greek chronology, the sack of Troy was dated to 1184 BC. By the nineteenth century there was widespread scholarly skepticism that Troy or the Trojan War had ever existed, but in 1873 Heinrich Schliemann announced to the world that he had discovered the ruins of Homer’s Troy at Hissarlik in modern Turkey. Some contemporary scholars think the destruction of Troy VIIa circa 1220 BC was the origin of the myth of the Trojan War, others that the poem was inspired by multiple similar sieges that took place over the centuries.[42]
Homer depicts customs that are not characteristic of any one historical period. For instance, his heroes use bronze weapons, characteristic of the Bronze Age rather than the later Iron Age during which the poems were composed; yet they are cremated (an Iron Age practice) rather than buried (as they were in the Bronze Age).[43][44][45]
In the Iliad 10.260-265, Odysseus is described as wearing a helmet made of boar's tusks. Such helmets were not worn in Homer's time, but were commonly worn by aristocratic warriors between 1600 and 1150 BC.[46][47][48] The decipherment of Linear B in the 1950s by Michael Ventris and continued archaeological investigation has increased modern scholars' understanding of Aegean civilisation, which in many ways resembles the ancient Near East more than the society described by Homer.[49]
Homeric language[edit]
Main article: Homeric Greek
Detail of The Parnassus (painted 1509-1510) by Raphael, depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop Mount Parnassus, with Dante Alighieri on his right and Virgil on his left The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic hexameteric poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the Iliad was composed slightly before the Odyssey, and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems.[50][51]
Homeric style[edit]
The Homeric poems were composed in unrhymed dactylic hexameter; ancient Greek metre was quantity rather than stress based.[52][53] Homer frequently uses set phrases such as epithets ('crafty Odysseus', 'rosy-fingered Dawn', 'owl-eyed Athena', etc.), Homeric formulae ('and then answered [him/her], Agamemnon, king of men', 'when the early-born rose-fingered Dawn came to light', 'thus he/she spoke'), simile, type scenes, ring composition and repetition. These habits aid the extemporizing bard, and are characteristic of oral poetry. For instance, the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning, whereas literate poets like Virgil or Milton use longer and more complicated syntactical structures. Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses; this technique is called parataxis.[54]
The so-called 'type scenes' (typischen Scenen), were named by Walter Arend in 1933. He noted that Homer often, when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating, praying, fighting and dressing, used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet. The 'Analyst' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric, whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically. Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures.[55][56]
'Ring composition' or chiastic structure (when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story, or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A, B, C... before being reversed as ...C, B, A) has been observed in the Homeric epics. Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device, a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling.[57][58]
Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the Muse.[59] In the Iliad, the poet invokes her to sing of "the anger of Achilles",[59] and, in the Odyssey, he asks her to sing of "the man of many ways".[59] A similar opening was later employed by Virgil in his Aeneid.[59]
Textual transmission[edit]
A Reading from Homer (1885) by Lawrence Alma-Tadema The orally transmitted Homeric poems were put into written form at some point between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Some scholars believe that they were dictated by the poet; Albert Lord noted that, in the process of dictating, the Balkan bards he recorded revised and extended their lays. Some scholars hypothesize that a similar process occurred when the Homeric poems were first written.[60][61]
Other scholars such as Gregory Nagy hold that, after the poems were formed in the 8th century, they were orally transmitted with little deviation until they were written down in the 6th century.[62] After textualisation, the poems were each divided into 24 rhapsodes, today referred to as books, and labelled by the letters of the Greek alphabet. These divisions probably date from before 200 BC, and may have been made by Homer.[63]
In antiquity, it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens by the tyrant Pesistratos (died 528/7 BC), in the famed 'Pesistratean recension'.[64] From around 150 BC the text seems to have become relatively established. After the establishment of the Library of Alexandria, Homeric scholars such as Zenodotus of Ephesus, Aristophanes of Byzantium and in particular Aristarchus of Samothrace helped establish a canonical text.[65]
The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan. Today scholars use medieval manuscripts, papyri and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The 19th century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991,1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as Martin West (1998-2000) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes.[65]
See also[edit]
- Ancient Greece portal
- Poetry portal
- Literature portal
- Achaeans (Homer)
- Aeneid
- Bibliomancy
- Catalogue of Ships
- Creophylus of Samos
- Cyclic Poets
- Deception of Zeus
- Epithets in Homer
- Geography of the Odyssey
- Greek mythology
- Hector
- Historicity of Homer
- Homeric scholarship
- Ithaca
- List of Homeric characters
- Peisistratos
- Sortes Homericae
- Tabula iliaca
- Telemachy
- The Golden Bough
- Trojan Battle Order
- Trojan War in popular culture
- Troy VII
- Venetus A Manuscript
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Portrait Bust". britishmuseum.org. The British Museum.
- ^ Wilson, Nigel. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. p. 366. ISBN 9781136788000. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Romilly, Jacqueline de. A Short History of Greek Literature. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780226143125. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ a b Graziosi, Barbara. Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780521809665. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Croally, Neil; Hyde, Roy. Classical Literature: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 9781136736629. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Hose, Martin; Schenker, David. A Companion to Greek Literature. John Wiley & Sons. p. 445. ISBN 9781118885956.
- ^ Miller, D. Gary. Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors: Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer, with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus. Walter de Gruyter. p. 351. ISBN 9781614512950. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna. The Odyssey Re-formed. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801483352. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Latacz, Joachim. Homer, His Art and His World. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472083538. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Too, Yun Lee. The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World. OUP Oxford. p. 86. ISBN 9780199577804. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ MacDonald, Dennis R. Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780195358629. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Kelly, Adrian D. (2012). "Homerica". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0606.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara; Haubold, Johannes (2005). Homer: The Resonance of Epic. A&C Black. pp. 24–26. ISBN 9780715632826.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–168. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Odyssey, 8:64ff.
- ^ Lefkowitz, Mary R. (2013). The Lives of the Greek Poets. A&C Black. pp. 14–30. ISBN 9781472503077.
- ^ Kelly, Adrian D. (2012). "Biographies of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0243.
- ^ Dickey, Eleanor (2012). "Scholarship, Ancient". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1307.
- ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (2012). "Scholarship, Byzantine". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1308.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, Renaissance through 17th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1310.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 18th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1311.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 19th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1312.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (1988). The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253342600.
- ^ Heiden, Bruce (2012). "Scholarship, 20th Century". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1313.
- ^ Edwards, Mark W. (2012). "Neoanalysis". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0968.
- ^ West, M.L. (1999). "The Invention of Homer". Classical Quarterly. 49 (2): 364. doi:10.1093/cq/49.2.364. JSTOR 639863.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Homeric Question". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0605.
- ^ Latacz, Joachim; Bierl, Anton; Olson, S. Douglas (2015). "New Trends in Homeric Scholarship" in Homer's Iliad: The Basel Commentary. De Gruyter. ISBN 9781614517375.
- ^ Saïd, Suzanne (2011). Homer and the Odyssey. OUP Oxford. pp. 14–17. ISBN 9780199542840.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–92. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ Fowler, Robert; Fowler, Robert Louis (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–232. ISBN 9780521012461.
- ^ Hall, Jonathan M. (2002). Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 9780226313290.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Date of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0330.
- ^ Burgess, Jonathan S. (2003). The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle. JHU Press. pp. 49–53. ISBN 9780801874819.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–89. ISBN 9780521809665.
- ^ West, M.L. (1997). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 622.
- ^ Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2012). "Historicity of Homer". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0601.
- ^ Finley, Moses I. (1991). The World of Odysseus. Penguin. ISBN 9780140136869.
- ^ Wees, Hans van (2009). War and Violence in Ancient Greece. ISD LLC. ISBN 9781910589298.
- ^ Morris, Ian (1986). "The Use and Abuse of Homer". Classical Antiquity. 5 (1): 81–138. doi:10.2307/25010840. JSTOR 25010840.
- ^ Dowden, Ken; Livingstone, Niall (2011). A Companion to Greek Mythology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 440. ISBN 9781444396935.
- ^ Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2014). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Infobase Publishing. p. 356. ISBN 9781438110202.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. BRILL. pp. 434–435. ISBN 9789004217607.
- ^ Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9780192854384.
- ^ Wood, Michael (1996). In Search of the Trojan War. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-520-21599-0. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Schofield, Louise (2007). The Mycenaeans. Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-89236-867-9. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Everson, Tim (2004). Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great. Brimscombe Port: The History Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-7524-9506-4. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
- ^ Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. BRILL. p. 625. ISBN 9789004217607.
- ^ Willi, Andreas (2012). "Language, Homeric". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0792.
- ^ Bakker, Egbert J. (2010). A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language. John Wiley & Sons. p. 401. ISBN 9781444317404.
- ^ W. Edwards, Mark (2012). "Meter". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0913.
- ^ Nussbaum, G. B. (1986). Homer's Metre: A Practical Guide for Reading Greek Hexameter Poetry. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 9780862921729.
- ^ Edwards, Mark W. (2012). "Style". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1377.
- ^ Reece, Steve T. (2012). "Type-Scenes". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1488.
- ^ Edwards, MW (1992). "Homer and Oral Tradition: The Type-Scene". Oral Tradition. 7: 284–330.
- ^ Stanley, Keith (2014). The Shield of Homer: Narrative Structure in the Illiad. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400863372.
- ^ Minchin, Elizabeth (2012). "Ring Composition". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1287.
- ^ a b c d Adler, Eve (2003). Vergil's Empire: Political Thought in the Aeneid. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7425-2167-4.
- ^ Kirk, G. S. (1976). Homer and the Oral Tradition. Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780521213097.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (2012). "Oral Dictated Texts". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1029.
- ^ Nagy, Gregory (1996). Poetry as Performance: Homer and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521558488.
- ^ West, Martin L. (2012). "Book Division". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe0253.
- ^ Jensen, Minna Skafte (1980). The Homeric Question and the Oral-formulaic Theory. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 128. ISBN 9788772890968.
- ^ a b Haslam, Michael (2012). "Text and Transmission". The Homer Encyclopedia. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444350302.wbhe1413.
Selected bibliography[edit]
Editions[edit]
- Texts in Homeric Greek
- Demetrius Chalcondyles editio princeps, Florence, 1488
- the Aldine editions (1504 and 1517)
- 1st ed. with comments, Micyllus and Camerarius, Basel, 1535, 1541 (improved text), 1551 (incl. the Batrachomyomachia)
- Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, c. 1572, 1588 and 1592.
- Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807)
- Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836)
- Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858)
- La Roche (Odyssey, 1867–1868; Iliad, 1873–1876, both at Leipzig)
- Ludwich (Odyssey, Leipzig, 1889–1891; Iliad, 2 vols., 1901 and 1907)
- W. Leaf (Iliad, London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900–1902)
- William Walter Merry and James Riddell (Odyssey i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886)
- Monro (Odyssey xiii–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901)
- Monro and Allen (Iliad), and Allen (Odyssey, 1908, Oxford).
- D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917–1920, Homeri Opera (5 volumes: Iliad = 3rd edition, Odyssey = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814528-4, ISBN 0-19-814529-2, ISBN 0-19-814531-4, ISBN 0-19-814532-2, ISBN 0-19-814534-9
- H. van Thiel 1991, Homeri Odyssea, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09458-4, 1996, Homeri Ilias, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09459-2
- M.L. West 1998–2000, Homeri Ilias (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71431-9, ISBN 3-598-71435-1
- P. von der Mühll 1993, Homeri Odyssea, Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71432-7
Interlinear translations[edit]
- The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear, Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text ISBN 978-1-60725-298-6
English translations[edit]
Main article: English translations of Homer
This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
- Augustus Taber Murray (1866–1940)
- Homer: Iliad, 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1999).
- Homer: Odyssey, 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1995).
- Robert Fitzgerald (1910–1985)
- The Iliad, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN 0-374-52905-1
- The Odyssey, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN 0-374-52574-9
- Robert Fagles (1933–2008)
- The Iliad, Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN 0-14-027536-3
- The Odyssey, Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN 0-14-026886-3
- Stanley Lombardo (b. 1943)
- Iliad, Hackett Publishing Company (1997) ISBN 0-87220-352-2
- Odyssey, Hackett Publishing Company (2000) ISBN 0-87220-484-7
- Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-08-3
- Odyssey, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-06-7
- The Essential Homer, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-12-1
- The Essential Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-10-5
- Barry B. Powell (b. 1942)
- "Iliad", Oxford University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0-19-932610-5
- "Odyssey", Oxford University PressI (2014) ISBN 978-0-19-936031-4
- "Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books", Oxford University Press (2014) ISBN 978-0-19-939407-4
- Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
- The Iliad, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-04-1
- The Odyssey, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-05-8
- Herbert Jordan (b. 1938)
- Iliad, University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover)
- Emily Wilson (b. 1971)
- The Odyssey, W. W. Norton & Company (2017) ISBN 978-0-393-08905-9
- Rodney Merrill
- The Iliad, University of Michigan Press (2007) ISBN 978-0-472-11617-1
- The Odyssey, University of Michigan Press (2002) ISBN 978-0-472-11231-9
General works on Homer[edit]
- Carlier, Pierre (1999). Homère (in French). Paris: Les éditions Fayard. ISBN 2-213-60381-2.
- de Romilly, Jacqueline (2005). Homère (5th ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-054830-X.
- Fowler, Robert, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01246-5.
- Latacz, J.; Windle, Kevin, Tr.; Ireland, Rosh, Tr. (2004). Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926308-6. In German, 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig, 2005. In Spanish, 2003, ISBN 84-233-3487-2. In modern Greek, 2005, ISBN 960-16-1557-1.
- Monro, David Binning (1911). "Homer". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 626–39.
- Morris, Ian; Powell, Barry B., eds. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09989-1.
- Powell, Barry B. (2007). Homer (2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-6.
- Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (2000). Le monde d'Homère (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01181-8.
- Wace, A.J.B.; F.H. Stubbings (1962). A Companion to Homer. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-07113-1.
Influential readings and interpretations[edit]
- Auerbach, Erich (1953). "Chapter 1". Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11336-X. (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern)
- de Jong, Irene J.F. (2004). Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad (2nd ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 1-85399-658-0.
- Edwards, Mark W. (1987). Homer, Poet of the Iliad. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-3329-9.
- Fenik, Bernard (1974). Studies in the Odyssey. Hermes, Einzelschriften 30. Wiesbaden: Steiner.
- Finley, Moses (2002). The World of Odysseus. New York: New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-017-5.
- Nagy, Gregory (1979). The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Nagy, Gregory (2010). Homer: the Preclassic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95024-5.
[edit]
- Iliad:
- P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations, London. ISBN 1-85399-657-2
- G. S. Kirk (gen. ed.) 1985–1993, The Iliad: A Commentary (6 volumes), Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-28171-7, ISBN 0-521-28172-5, ISBN 0-521-28173-3, ISBN 0-521-28174-1, ISBN 0-521-31208-6, ISBN 0-521-31209-4
- J. Latacz (gen. ed.) 2002 Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913) (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-74307-6, ISBN 3-598-74304-1
- N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Exeter. ISBN 0-85989-684-6
- M.W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, A Companion to the Iliad, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-89855-5
- Odyssey:
- A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814747-3, ISBN 0-19-872144-7, ISBN 0-19-814953-0
- P. Jones (ed.) 1988, Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-038-8
- I.J.F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-46844-2
Dating the Homeric poems[edit]
- Janko, Richard (1982). Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23869-2.
Further reading[edit]
- Buck, Carl Darling (1928). The Greek Dialects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard (tr.) (1914). Hesiod, the Homeric hymns and Homerica. The Loeb Classical Library. London; New York: Heinemann; MacMillen.
- Ford, Andrew (1992). Homer : the poetry of the past. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2700-2.
- Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kirk, G.S. (1962). The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library.
- Murray, Gilbert (1960). The Rise of the Greek Epic (Galaxy Books ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Schein, Seth L. (1984). The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer's Iliad. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05128-9.
- Silk, Michael (1987). Homer: The Iliad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83233-0.
- Smith, William, ed. (1876). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. I, II & III. London: John Murray.
External links[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homer. |
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Homer |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Homer |
Library resources about
Homer
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- Online books
- Resources in your library
- Resources in other libraries
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By Homer |
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- Online books
- Resources in your library
- Resources in other libraries
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- Works by Homer at Perseus Digital Library
- Homer at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Works by Homer at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Homer at Internet Archive
- Works by Homer at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Homer; Murray, A.T. The Iliad with an English Translation (in Ancient Greek and English). I, Books I–XII. London; New York: William Heinemann Ltd.; G.P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive.
- The Chicago Homer
- Daitz, Stephen (reader). "Homer, Iliad, Book I, lines 1–52". Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL).
- Heath, Malcolm (May 4, 2001). "CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey". Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- Bassino, Paola (2014). "Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources". Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history. Durham University. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
Works related to Homer in antiquity |
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| Attributed to Homer |
- Batrachomyomachia
- Cercopes
- Cypria
- Epigrams (Kiln)
- Epigoni
- Homeric Hymns
- Iliad
- Little Iliad
- Margites
- Nostoi
- Odyssey
- Capture of Oechalia
- Phocais
- Thebaid
| |
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| About Homer |
- Ancient accounts of Homer
- Contest of Homer and Hesiod
- Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus)
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Associated subjects |
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Theban Cycle |
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| Poems |
- Oedipodea
- Thebaid
- Epigoni
- Alcmeonis
| |
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| Nominal authors |
- Cinaethon (Oedipodea)
- Homer (Thebaid, Epigoni)
- Antimachus of Teos (Epigoni)
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Epic Cycle |
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- Cypria
- Iliad
- Aethiopis
- Little Iliad
- Iliupersis
- Nostoi
- Odyssey
- Telegony
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Homer's Iliad (8th century BC) |
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| Characters | | | Major deities |
- Aphrodite
- Apollo
- Ares
- Artemis
- Athena
- Hades
- Hephaestus
- Hera
- Hermes
- Poseidon
- Zeus
|
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| Minor deities |
- Deimos
- Eris
- Iris
- Leto
- Phobos
- Proteus
- Scamander
- Thetis
|
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|
|---|
| Films |
- Helena (1924)
- Helen of Troy (1956)
- The Trojan Horse (1961)
- Troy (2004)
|
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| Literature | | Verse |
- Priapea 68
- De bello Troiano (1183)
- The Rape of the Lock (1712)
- "The Shield of Achilles" (1952)
- War Music (1959)
- Omeros (1990)
|
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| Novels |
- The Firebrand (1987)
- Black Ships Before Troy (1993)
- Troy (2000)
- Ilium (2003)
- Ransom (2009)
- The Adventures of Odysseus (2010-2014)
- Starcrossed (2011)
|
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|
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| Alternate versions |
- Ilias Latina (60–70 CE)
- Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani (4th century ?)
- Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia (5th century)
- Hermoniakos' Iliad (14th century)
- Men in Aida (1983)
|
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| Translations |
- "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
- On Translating Homer
|
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| Stage |
- The Golden Apple (musical)
- Rhesus (play)
|
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| Sections |
- Catalogue of Ships
- Deception of Zeus
- Trojan Battle Order
|
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| Manuscripts |
- Ambrosian Iliad
- Codex Nitriensis
- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20
- Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21
- Uncial 098
- Venetus A
- Venetus B
|
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| Phrases |
- "Ever to Excel"
- "Hold your horses"
|
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| Television |
- The Myth Makers (1965)
- In Search of the Trojan War (1985)
- Helen of Troy (2003 miniseries)
|
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| Art |
- The Apotheosis of Homer
- The Loves of Paris and Helen
- Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus
- Orestes Pursued by the Furies
- The Revelers Vase
- Statue of Zeus at Olympia
|
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| Music |
- King Priam (1961 Tippett opera)
- The Triumph of Steel (1992 album)
- "And Then There Was Silence" (2001 song)
- The Odyssey (Smith symphony)
|
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| Study |
- Homeric scholarship
- Homeric Question
- Historicity of Homer
- The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales
- "The Iliad or the Poem of Force" (1939 essay)
- Milawata letter
- Rediscovering Homer
- Dactylic hexameter
|
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| Other |
- Warriors: Legends of Troy (video game)
- Age of Bronze (comics)
- Sortes Homericae
- Tabula iliaca
- "In medias res"
- "Noblesse oblige"
- The Trojan War Will Not Take Place
- Heraclitus
- Weighing of souls
- Where Troy Once Stood
- Blood rain
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|
| Authority control |
- WorldCat Identities
- BIBSYS: 90069675
- BNE: XX907843
- BNF: cb11907688f (data)
- GND: 11855333X
- ISNI: 0000 0001 2145 7753
- LCCN: n78095639
- MusicBrainz: b721f499-8caa-4442-a411-568807b14464
- NDL: 00443699
- NKC: jn19981001474
- NLA: 35204200
- RSL: 000082457
- ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV18814
- SELIBR: 189316
- SNAC: w6qz9r2d
- SUDOC: 026924005
- ULAN: 500279109
- VIAF: 224924963
|
|---|
18814
- SELIBR: 189316
- SNAC: w6qz9r2d
- SUDOC: 026924005
- ULAN: 500279109
- VIAF: 224924963
|
</raw>
</toggledisplay>
English Journal
- Demographic parameters related to 30-day readmission of patients with acute myocardial infarction: Analysis of 2,371,867 hospitalizations.
- Agrawal Y1, Panaich S2, Aggarwal S3, Saltiel F2, Kalavakunta JK2, Gupta V2.
- International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2016 Jul 1;214:408-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.227. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
- BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of mortality in the USA as per the data released by the CDC. Short term hospital readmissions account for a significant portion of health care budget and much of the focus recently has been on reducing 30day readmission rate aime
- PMID 27088399
- Pilot Outcome Results of Culturally Adapted Evidence-Based Substance Use Disorder Treatment with a Southwest Tribe.
- Venner KL1, Greenfield BL2, Hagler KJ1, Simmons J3, Lupee D4, Homer E4, Yamutewa Y4, Smith JE3.
- Addictive behaviors reports.Addict Behav Rep.2016 Jun 1;3:21-27.
- INTRODUCTION: Although American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) have exhibited high rates of alcohol and drug use disorders, there is a paucity of substance use disorder treatment outcome research. In addition, there exists controversy about whether evidence-based treatments (EBTs) are culturally ap
- PMID 26951788
- Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Case Report.
- Olmo HR1, Stokes SM2, Foss RD3.
- Head and neck pathology.Head Neck Pathol.2016 Jun;10(2):256-60. doi: 10.1007/s12105-015-0649-6. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
- A 43-year-old female presented with persistent nasal congestion with intermittent epistaxis without resolution for the preceding 5 years. Clinical examination revealed a large pink rubbery mass, medial to the middle turbinate in the right nasal cavity extending to the choana. Radiographic images de
- PMID 26316323
- Setting research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025.
- Yoshida S1, Martines J2, Lawn JE3, Wall S4, Souza JP5, Rudan I6, Cousens S7; neonatal health research priority setting group, Aaby P8, Adam I9, Adhikari RK10, Ambalavanan N11, Arifeen SE12, Aryal DR13, Asiruddin S14, Baqui A15, Barros AJ16, Benn CS17, Bhandari V18, Bhatnagar S19, Bhattacharya S20, Bhutta ZA21, Black RE22, Blencowe H23, Bose C24, Brown J25, Bührer C26, Carlo W27, Cecatti JG28, Cheung PY29, Clark R30, Colbourn T31, Conde-Agudelo A32, Corbett E33, Czeizel AE34, Das A35, Day LT36, Deal C37, Deorari A38, Dilmen U39, English M40, Engmann C41, Esamai F42, Fall C43, Ferriero DM44, Gisore P45, Hazir T46, Higgins RD47, Homer CS48, Hoque DE12, Irgens L49, Islam MT50, de Graft-Johnson J51, Joshua MA52, Keenan W53, Khatoon S54, Kieler H55, Kramer MS56, Lackritz EM57, Lavender T58, Lawintono L59, Luhanga R60, Marsh D51, McMillan D61, McNamara PJ62, Mol BW63, Molyneux E64, Mukasa GK65, Mutabazi M66, Nacul LC67, Nakakeeto M68, Narayanan I69, Olusanya B70, Osrin D71, Paul V38, Poets C72, Reddy UM73, Santosham M74, Sayed R75, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE76, Singhal N77, Smith MA78, Smith PG79, Soofi S80, Spong CY81, Sultana S82, Tshefu A83, van Bel F84, Gray LV85, Waiswa P86, Wang W87, Williams SL88, Wright L73, Zaidi A89, Zhang Y90, Zhong N91, Zuniga I92, Bahl R1.
- Journal of global health.J Glob Health.2016 Jun;6(1):010508. doi: 10.7189/jogh.06.010508.
- BACKGROUND: In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline f
- PMID 26401272
Japanese Journal
- 説話的倫理とヒロシマ : トルーマン、ホメロス、アイスキュロス
- モラロジー研究 : 倫理道徳研究フォーラム = Studies in moralogy : the forum for ethical and moral studies (75), 17-32, 2015-07
- NAID 40020558874
- レンブラント《ホメロスの胸像に手を置くアリストテレス》における主題の分析 : 触覚に対する画家の関心をめぐって
- Narrativized Ethics and Hiroshima : Harry S. Truman, Homer, and Aeschylus
- モラロジー研究 : 倫理道徳研究フォーラム = Studies in moralogy : the forum for ethical and moral studies (74), 1-17, 2015-02
- NAID 40020371514
- ホメロスの環は閉じられない : 古代叙事詩の再生をめぐって(1) (加藤國安教授 退職記念)
Related Links
- Homer/（ホーマー） (武蔵小金井/洋食)の店舗情報は食べログでチェック！口コミや評価、写真など、ユーザーによるリアルな情報が満載です！地図や料理メニューなどの詳細情報も充実。
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- 基本情報 【電話番号】042-384-1183 【エリア】小金井 【アクセス】 JR中央本線（東京-塩尻）武蔵… 【ジャンル】洋食屋; 基本情報を
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