関: See also Hemoglobin; Myoglobin
同: hemoproteins

WordNet

utter `hem or `ahem
the edge of a piece of cloth; especially the finished edge that has been doubled under and stitched down; "the hem of her dress was stained"; "let down the hem"; "he stitched weights into the curtains hem"; "it seeped along the hem of his jacket"
the utterance of a sound similar to clearing the throat; intended to get attention, express hesitancy, fill a pause, hide embarrassment, warn a friend, etc. (同)ahem
fold over and sew together to provide with a hem; "hem my skirt"
the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet
any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein"
a complex red organic pigment containing iron and other atoms to which oxygen binds (同)haem, hematin, haemitin, protoheme

PrepTutorEJDIC

(折り返して縫った衣類や布の)へり,縁 / (一般に)へり,縁 / 〈布・着物〉‘の'へりを折り返して縫う;…‘の'縁どりをする
へん!えへん!(注意・疑い・ちゅうちょ・当惑などを表するための発声) / へん(えへん)と言う,せき払いをする
彼は,彼が / 《指す人の性別が分からないか,または分かる必要のない場合に》その人,あの人,自分 / 《he who(that)の形で》《文》…するものはだれでも / (動物の)おす(雄)
鬼ごっこ(tag,tick,tig)
蛋白(たんばく)質

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/05 18:57:45」(JST)

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Binding of oxygen to a heme prosthetic group.

Heme or haem is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands."^[1] The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands.^[2] Many porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are known as hemoproteins. Hemes are most commonly recognized as components of hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood, but are also found in a number of other biologically important hemoproteins such as myoglobin, cytochromes, catalases, heme peroxidase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase.^[3]^[4]

The word heme is derived from Greek αἷμα haima meaning blood.

Space-filling model of the Fe-protoporphyrin IX subunit of heme B. Axial ligands omitted. Color scheme: grey=iron, blue=nitrogen, black=carbon, white=hydrogen, red=oxygen.

Function

The heme group of succinate dehydrogenase bound to histidine, an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. The large semi-transparent sphere indicates the location of the iron ion. From PDB: 1YQ3.

Hemoproteins have diverse biological functions including the transportation of diatomic gases, chemical catalysis, diatomic gas detection, and electron transfer. The heme iron serves as a source or sink of electrons during electron transfer or redox chemistry. In peroxidase reactions, the porphyrin molecule also serves as an electron source. In the transportation or detection of diatomic gases, the gas binds to the heme iron. During the detection of diatomic gases, the binding of the gas ligand to the heme iron induces conformational changes in the surrounding protein.^[5] In general, diatomic gases only bind to the reduced heme, as ferrous Fe(II) while most peroxidases cycle between Fe(III) and Fe(IV) and hemeproteins involved in mitochondrial redox, oxidation-reduction, cycle between Fe(II) and Fe(III).

It has been speculated that the original evolutionary function of hemoproteins was electron transfer in primitive sulfur-based photosynthesis pathways in ancestral cyanobacteria-like organisms before the appearance of molecular oxygen.^[6]

Hemoproteins achieve their remarkable functional diversity by modifying the environment of the heme macrocycle within the protein matrix.^[7] For example, the ability of hemoglobin to effectively deliver oxygen to tissues is due to specific amino acid residues located near the heme molecule.^[8] Hemoglobin reversibly binds to oxygen in the lungs when the pH is high, and the carbon dioxide concentration is low. When the situation is reversed (low pH and high carbon dioxide concentrations), hemoglobin will release oxygen into the tissues. This phenomenon, which states that hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely proportional to both acidity and concentration of carbon dioxide, is known as the Bohr effect.^[9] The molecular mechanism behind this effect is the steric organization of the globin chain; a histidine residue, located adjacent to the heme group, becomes positively charged under acidic conditions (which are caused by dissolved CO₂ in working muscles, etc.) releasing oxygen from the heme group.^[10]

Types

Major hemes

There are several biologically important kinds of heme:

	Heme A	Heme B	Heme C	Heme O
PubChem number	7888115	444098	444125	6323367
Chemical formula	C₄₉H₅₆O₆N₄Fe	C₃₄H₃₂O₄N₄Fe	C₃₄H₃₆O₄N₄S₂Fe	C₄₉H₅₈O₅N₄Fe
Functional group at C₃	–CH(OH)CH₂Far	–CH=CH₂	–CH(cystein-S-yl)CH₃	–CH(OH)CH₂Far
Functional group at C₈	–CH=CH₂	–CH=CH₂	–CH(cystein-S-yl)CH₃	–CH=CH₂
Functional group at C₁₈	–CH=O	–CH₃	–CH₃	–CH₃

Structure of Fe-porphyrin subunit of heme B.

Structure of Fe-porphyrin subunit of heme A.^[11] Heme A is synthesized from heme B. In two sequential reactions a 17-hydroxyethylfarnesyl moiety (blue) is added at the 2-position and an aldehyde (purple) is added at the 8-position.^[12]

The most common type is heme B; other important types include heme A and heme C. Isolated hemes are commonly designated by capital letters while hemes bound to proteins are designated by lower case letters. Cytochrome a refers to the heme A in specific combination with membrane protein forming a portion of cytochrome c oxidase.^[13]

Other hemes

The following carbon numbering system of porphyrins is an older numbering used by biochemists and not the 1–24 numbering system recommended by IUPAC which is shown in the table above.

Heme l is the derivative of heme B which is covalently attached to the protein of lactoperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and thyroid peroxidase. The addition of peroxide with the glutamyl-375 and aspartyl-225 of lactoperoxidase forms ester bonds between these amino acid residues and the heme 1- and 5-methyl groups, respectively.^[14] Similar ester bonds with these two methyl groups are thought to form in eosinophil and thyroid peroxidases. Heme l is one important characteristic of animal peroxidases; plant peroxidases incorporate heme B. Lactoperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase are protective enzymes responsible for the destruction of invading bacteria and virus. Thyroid peroxidase is the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of the important thyroid hormones. Because lactoperoxidase destroys invading organisms in the lungs and excrement, it is thought to be an important protective enzyme.^[15]
Heme m is the derivative of heme B covalently bound at the active site of peroxide. Heme m contains the two ester bonds at the heme 1- and 5-methyls as in heme l found in other mammalian peroxides. In addition, a unique sulfonamides ion linkage between the sulfur of a methionyl amino-acid residue and the heme 2-vinyl group is formed, giving this enzyme the unique capability of easily oxidizing chloride and bromide ions. Myeloperoxidase is present in mammalian neutrophils and is responsible for the destruction of invading bacteria and viruse. It also synthesizes hypobromite by "mistake" which is a known mutagenic compound.^[16]^[17]
Heme D is another derivative of heme B, but in which the propionic acid side chain at the carbon of position 6, which is also hydroxylated, forms a γ-spirolactone. Ring III is also hydroxylated at position 5, in a conformation trans to the new lactone group.^[18] Heme D is the site for oxygen reduction to water of many types of bacteria at low oxygen tension.^[19]
Heme S is related to heme B by having a formal group at position 2 in place of the 2-vinyl group. Heme S is found in the hemoglobin of marine worms. The correct structures of heme B and heme S were first elucidated by German chemist Hans Fischer.^[20]

The names of cytochromes typically (but not always) reflect the kinds of hemes they contain: cytochrome a contains heme A, cytochrome c contains heme C, etc. This convention may have been first introduced with the publication of the structure of heme A.

Synthesis

Heme synthesis in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion

The enzymatic process that produces heme is properly called porphyrin synthesis, as all the intermediates are tetrapyrroles that are chemically classified as porphyrins. The process is highly conserved across biology. In humans, this pathway serves almost exclusively to form heme. In other species, it also produces similar substances such as cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂).^{[citation needed]}

The pathway is initiated by the synthesis of _D-aminolevulinic acid (dALA or δALA) from the amino acid glycine and succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The rate-limiting enzyme responsible for this reaction, ALA synthase, is negatively regulated by glucose and heme concentration. Mechanism of inhibition of ALAs by heme or hemin is by decreasing stability of mRNA synthesis and by decreasing the intake of mRNA in the mitochondria. This mechanism is of therapeutic importance: infusion of heme arginate or hematin and glucose can abort attacks of acute intermittent porphyria in patients with an inborn error of metabolism of this process, by reducing transcription of ALA synthase.^[21]

The organs mainly involved in heme synthesis are the liver (in which the rate of synthesis is highly variable, depending on the systemic heme pool) and the bone marrow (in which rate of synthesis of Heme is relatively constant and depends on the production of globin chain), although every cell requires heme to function properly. However, due to its toxic properties, proteins such as Hemopexin (Hx) are required to help maintain physiological stores of iron in order for them to be used in synthesis.^[22] Heme is seen as an intermediate molecule in catabolism of hemoglobin in the process of bilirubin metabolism. Defects in various enzymes in synthesis of heme can lead to group of disorder called porphyrias, these include acute intermittent porphyria, congenital erythropoetic porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria.^{[citation needed]}

Degradation

Heme breakdown

Degradation begins inside macrophages of the spleen, which remove old and damaged (senescent) erythrocytes from the circulation. In the first step, heme is converted to biliverdin by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HMOX). NADPH is used as the reducing agent, molecular oxygen enters the reaction, carbon monoxide (CO) is produced and the iron is released from the molecule as the ferrous ion (Fe²⁺).^[23] CO acts as a cellular messenger and functions in vasodilation.^[24]

In addition, heme degradation appears to be an evolutionarily-conserved response to oxidative stress. Briefly, when cells are exposed to free radicals, there is a rapid induction of the expression of the stress-responsive heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) isoenzyme that catabolizes heme (see below).^[25] The reason why cells must increase exponentially their capability to degrade heme in response to oxidative stress remains unclear but this appears to be part of a cytoprotective response that avoids the deleterious effects of free heme. When large amounts of free heme accumulates, the heme detoxification/degradation systems get overwhelmed, enabling heme to exert its damaging effects.^[22]

heme	heme oxygenase-1		biliverdin + Fe²⁺

	H⁺ + NADPH + O₂	NADP⁺ + CO

In the second reaction, biliverdin is converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase (BVR):^{[citation needed]}

biliverdin	biliverdin reductase		bilirubin

	H⁺ + NADPH	NADP⁺

Bilirubin is transported into the liver by facilitated diffusion bound to a protein (serum albumin), where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid to become more water-soluble. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.^{[citation needed]}

bilirubin	UDP-glucuronosyltransferase		bilirubin diglucuronide

	2 UDP-glucuronide	2 UMP + 2 P_i

This form of bilirubin is excreted from the liver in bile. Excretion of bilirubin from liver to biliary canaliculi is an active, energy dependent and rate limiting process. The intestinal bacteria deconjugate bilirubin diglucuronide and convert bilirubin to urobilinogens. Some urobilinogen is absorbed by intestinal cells and transported into the kidneys and excreted with urine (urobilin, which is the product of oxidation of urobilinogen, is responsible for the yellow colour of urine). The remainder travels down the digestive tract and is converted to stercobilinogen. This is oxidized to stercobilin, which is excreted and is responsible for the color of feces.^{[citation needed]}

In health and disease

Under homeostasis, the reactivity of heme is controlled by its insertion into the “heme pockets” of hemoproteins^{[citation needed]}. Under oxidative stress however, some hemoproteins, e.g. hemoglobin, can release their heme prosthetic groups.^[26]^[27] The non-protein-bound (free) heme produced in this manner becomes highly cytotoxic, most probably due to the iron atom contained within its protoporphyrin IX ring, which can act as a Fenton's reagent to catalyze in an unfettered manner the production of free radicals.^[28] It catalyzes the oxidation and aggregation of protein, the formation of cytotoxic lipid peroxide via lipid peroxidation and damages DNA through oxidative stress. Due to its lipophilic properties, it impairs lipid bilayers in organelles such as mitochondria and nuclei.^[29] These properties of free heme can sensitize a variety of cell types to undergo programmed cell death in response to pro-inflammatory agonists, a deleterious effect that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory diseases such as malaria^[30] and sepsis.^[31] There is an association between high intake of heme iron sourced from meat and increased risk of colon cancer.^[32] The heme content of red meat is 10-fold higher than that of white meat such as chicken.^[33]

Genes

The following genes are part of the chemical pathway for making heme:

ALAD: aminolevulinic acid, δ-, dehydratase (deficiency causes ala-dehydratase deficiency porphyria)^[34]
ALAS1: aminolevulinate, δ-, synthase 1
ALAS2: aminolevulinate, δ-, synthase 2 (deficiency causes sideroblastic/hypochromic anemia)
CPOX: coproporphyrinogen oxidase (deficiency causes hereditary coproporphyria)^[35]
FECH: ferrochelatase (protoporphyria)
HMBS: hydroxymethylbilane synthase (deficiency causes acute intermittent porphyria)^[36]
PPOX: protoporphyrinogen oxidase (deficiency causes variegate porphyria)^[37]
UROD: uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (deficiency causes porphyria cutanea tarda)^[38]
UROS: uroporphyrinogen III synthase (deficiency causes congenital erythropoietic porphyria)

Notes and references

^ https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/H/H02773.html
^ A standard biochemistry text defines heme as the "iron-porphyrin prosthetic group of heme proteins"(Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.)
^ Paoli, M. (2002). "Structure-function relationships in heme-proteins". DNA Cell Biol. 21 (4): 271–280. doi:10.1089/104454902753759690. PMID 12042067.
^ Alderton, W.K. (2001). "Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition". Biochem. J. 357 (3): 593–615. doi:10.1042/bj3570593. PMC 1221991 . PMID 11463332.
^ Milani, M. (2005). "Structural bases for heme binding and diatomic ligand recognition in truncated hemoglobins". J Inorg Biochem. 99 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.10.035. PMID 15598494.
^ Hardison, R. (1999). "The Evolution of Hemoglobin: Studies of a very ancient protein suggest that changes in gene regulation are an important part of the evolutionary story". American Scientist. 87 (2): 126.
^ Poulos, T. (2014). "Heme Enzyme Structure and Function". Chem. Rev. 114 (7): 3919–3962. doi:10.1021/cr400415k. PMC 3981943 . PMID 24400737.
^ Thom, C. S. (2013). "Hemoglobin Variants: Biochemical Properties and Clinical Correlates". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 3 (3): a011858. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011858. PMC 3579210 . PMID 23388674.
^ Bohr; Hasselbalch, Krogh. "Concerning a Biologically Important Relationship - The Influence of the Carbon Dioxide Content of Blood on its Oxygen Binding".
^ Ackers, G. K.; Holt, J. M. (2006). "Asymmetric cooperativity in a symmetric tetramer: human hemoglobin". J Biol Chem. 281 (17): 11441–3. doi:10.1074/jbc.r500019200. PMID 16423822.
^ Caughey, W. S.; Smythe, G. E.; O'Keeffe, D. H.; Maskasky, J. E.; Smith, M. L. (1975). "Heme A of Cytochrome c Oxidase: Structure and properties: comparisons with hemes B, C, and S and derivatives". J. Biol. Chem. 250 (19): 7602–7622. PMID 170266.
^ Hegg, Eric L. (2004). "Heme A Synthase Does Not Incorporate Molecular Oxygen into the Formyl Group of Heme A". Biochemistry. 43 (27): 8616–8624. doi:10.1021/bi049056m. PMID 15236569.
^ Yoshikawa, S. (2012). "Structural studies on bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1817 (4): 579–589. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.12.012. PMID 22236806.
^ Rae, T.; Goff, H. (1998). "The heme prosthetic group of lactoperoxidase. Structural characteristics of heme l and heme l-peptides". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (43): 27968–27977. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.43.27968. PMID 9774411.
^ Purdy, M.A. (1983). "Effect of growth phase and cell envelope structure on susceptibility of Salmonella triumphant to the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide system". Infect. Immun. 39 (3): 1187–95. PMC 348082 . PMID 6341231.
^ Ohshima, H. (2003). "Chemical basis of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis". Arch Biochem Biophys. 417 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00283-2. PMID 12921773.
^ Henderson, J.P. (2003). "Phagocytes produce 5-chlorouracil and 5-bromouracil, two mutagenic products of myeloperoxidase, in human inflammatory tissue". J Biol Chem. 278 (26): 23522. doi:10.1074/jbc.m303928200. PMID 12707270.
^ Murshudov, G.; Grebenko, A.; Barynin, V.; Dauter, Z.; Wilson, K.; Vainshtein, B.; Melik-Adamyan, W.; Bravo, J.; Ferrán, J.; Ferrer, J. C.; Switala, J.; Loewen, P. C.; Fita, I. (1996). "Structure of the heme d of Penicillium vitale and Escherichia coli catalases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (15): 8863–8868. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.8863. PMID 8621527.
^ Belevich, I. (2005). "Oxygenated complex of cytochrome bd from Escherichia coli: stability and photolability". FEBS Letters. 579 (21): 4567–70. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.011. PMID 16087180.
^ Fischer, H.; Orth, H. (1934). Die Chemie des Pyrrols. Liepzig: Ischemia Verlagsgesellschaft.
^ http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/121/
^ ^a ^b Kumar, Sanjay; Bandyopadhyay, Uday (July 2005). "Free heme toxicity and its detoxification systems in human". Toxicology Letters. 157 (3): 175–188. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.03.004.
^ Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 2008. p. 876. ISBN 978-0-7167-7108-1.
^ Hanafy, K.A. (2013). "Carbon Monoxide and the brain: time to rethink the dogma". Curr. Pharm. Des. 19 (15): 2771–5. doi:10.2174/1381612811319150013. PMC 3672861 . PMID 23092321.
^ Abraham, N.G.; Kappas, A. (2008). "Pharmacological and clinical aspects of heme oxygenase". Pharmacol. Rev. 60 (1): 79–127. doi:10.1124/pr.107.07104. PMID 18323402.
^ Bunn, H. F.; Jandl, J. H. (Sep 1966). "Exchange of heme among hemoglobin molecules". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 56 (3): 974–978. doi:10.1073/pnas.56.3.974. PMC 219955 . PMID 5230192.
^ Smith, M. L.; Paul, J.; Ohlsson, P. I.; Hjortsberg, K.; Paul, K. G. (Feb 1991). "Heme-protein fission under nondenaturing conditions". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88 (3): 882–886. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88..882S. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.3.882. PMC 50918 . PMID 1846966.
^ Everse, J.; Hsia, N. (1197). "The toxicities of native and modified hemoglobins". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 22 (6): 1075–1099. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00499-6. PMID 9034247.
^ Kumar, Sanjay; Bandyopadhyay, Uday (July 2005). "Free heme toxicity and its detoxification systems in humans". Toxicology Letters. 157 (3): 175–188. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.03.004.
^ Pamplona, A.; Ferreira, A.; Balla, J.; Jeney, V.; Balla, G.; Epiphanio, S.; Chora, A.; Rodrigues, C. D.; Gregoire, I. P.; Cunha-Rodrigues, M.; Portugal, S.; Soares, M. P.; Mota, M. M. (Jun 2007). "Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria". Nature Medicine. 13 (6): 703–710. doi:10.1038/nm1586. PMID 17496899.
^ Larsen, R.; Gozzelino, R.; Jeney, V.; Tokaji, L.; Bozza, F. A.; Japiassú, A. M.; Bonaparte, D.; Cavalcante, M. M.; Chora, A.; Ferreira, A.; Marguti, I.; Cardoso, S.; Sepúlveda, N.; Smith, A.; Soares, M. P. (2010). "A central role for free heme in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis". Science Translational Medicine. 2 (51): 51ra71. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001118. PMID 20881280.
^ Bastide, N. M.; Pierre, F. H.; Corpet, D. E. (2011). "Heme iron from meat and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and a review of the mechanisms involved" (PDF). Cancer Prev. Res. 4 (2): 177–184. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0113. PMID 21209396.
^ http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/4/2/177.full
^ Plewinska, Magdalena; Thunell, Stig; Holmberg, Lars; Wetmur, James; Desnick, Robert (1991). "delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase deficient porphyria: identification of the molecular lesions in a severely affected homozygote". American Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (1): 167–174. PMC 1683193 . PMID 2063868.
^ Aurizi, C.; Lupia Palmieri, G.; Barbieri, L.; Macri, A.; Sorge, F.; Usai, G.; Biolcati, G. (February 2009). "Four novel mutations of the coproporphyrinogen III oxidase gene". Cellular and Molecular Biology. 55 (1): 8–15.
^ Bustad, H. J.; Vorland, M.; Ronneseth, E.; Sandberg, S.; Martinez, A.; Toska, K. (August 8, 2013). "Conformational stability and activity analysis of two hydroxymethylbilane synthase mutants, K132N and V215E, with different phenotypic association with acute intermittent porphyria". Bioscience Reports. 33 (4): 617–626. doi:10.1042/BSR20130045.
^ Martinez di Montemuros, F.; Di Pierro, E.; Patti, E.; Tavazzi, D.; Danielli, M. G.; Biolcati, G.; Rocchi, E.; Cappllini, M. D. (December 2002). "Molecular characterization of porphyrias in Italy: a diagnostic flow-chart". 48 (8): 867–876.
^ Badenas, C.; To Figueras, J.; Phillips, J. D.; Warby, C. A.; Muñoz, C.; Herrero, C. (April 2009). "Identification and characterization of novel uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene mutations in a large series of porphyria cutanea tarda patients and relatives". Clinical Genetics. 75 (4): 346–353. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01153.x. PMC 3804340 . PMID 19419417.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ポルフィリン症：概要 porphyrias an overview
2. ヘム色素誘発急性腎障害（急性腎不全）の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of heme pigment induced acute kidney injury acute renal failure
3. Structure and function of normal hemoglobins
4. 先天性および後天性鉄芽球性貧血の原因 causes of congenital and acquired sideroblastic anemias
5. ヘム色素誘発急性腎障害（急性腎不全）の予防および治療 prevention and treatment of heme pigment induced acute kidney injury acute renal failure

English Journal

The effect of proteins from animal source foods on heme iron bioavailability in humans.

Pizarro F1, Olivares M2, Valenzuela C3, Brito A4, Weinborn V5, Flores S6, Arredondo M7.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 1;196:733-8. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.012. Epub 2015 Oct 8.
Forty-five women (35-45year) were randomly assigned to three iron (Fe) absorption sub-studies, which measured the effects of dietary animal proteins on the absorption of heme Fe. Study 1 was focused on heme, red blood cell concentrate (RBCC), hemoglobin (Hb), RBCC+beef meat; study 2 on heme, heme+fi
PMID 26593548

Interaction of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside with three proteins.

Tang L1, Li S2, Bi H2, Gao X2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 1;196:550-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.089. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
We studied the binding of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) with bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb), using multi-spectral techniques and molecular modeling. Fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence studies suggested that C3G quenched BSA, Hb or Mb fluorescence in a static m
PMID 26593527

Methylglyoxal-induced modification causes aggregation of myoglobin.

Banerjee S1, Maity S1, Chakraborti AS2.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2016 Feb 15;155:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.022. Epub 2015 Oct 24.
Post-translational modification of proteins by Maillard reaction, known as glycation, is thought to be the root cause of different complications, particularly in diabetes mellitus and age-related disorders. Methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive α-oxoaldehyde, increases in diabetic condition and reacts wit
PMID 26554310

Japanese Journal

A possible role of neuroglobin in the retina after optic nerve injury: A comparative study of zebrafish and mouse retina

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 854, 671-675, 2016-10-01
NAID 120005682638

Direct Infection of Primary Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I in Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome

Arthritis & Rheumatology 67(4), 1096-1106, 2015-04
NAID 120005603845

Emerging functional cross-talk between the Keap1-Nrf2 system and mitochondria

Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 56(2), 91-97, 2015
NAID 130004879384

「hem」

　　[★] ヘム　　　　　　

[1] ttps://goldbook.iupac.org/html/H/H02773.html

[2] A standard biochemistry text defines heme as the "iron-porphyrin prosthetic group of heme proteins"(Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.)

[3] Paoli, M. (2002). "Structure-function relationships in heme-proteins". DNA Cell Biol. 21 (4): 271–280. doi:10.1089/104454902753759690. PMID 12042067.

[4] Alderton, W.K. (2001). "Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition". Biochem. J. 357 (3): 593–615. doi:10.1042/bj3570593. PMC 1221991 . PMID 11463332.

[5] Milani, M. (2005). "Structural bases for heme binding and diatomic ligand recognition in truncated hemoglobins". J Inorg Biochem. 99 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.10.035. PMID 15598494.

[6] Hardison, R. (1999). "The Evolution of Hemoglobin: Studies of a very ancient protein suggest that changes in gene regulation are an important part of the evolutionary story". American Scientist. 87 (2): 126.

[7] Poulos, T. (2014). "Heme Enzyme Structure and Function". Chem. Rev. 114 (7): 3919–3962. doi:10.1021/cr400415k. PMC 3981943 . PMID 24400737.

[8] Thom, C. S. (2013). "Hemoglobin Variants: Biochemical Properties and Clinical Correlates". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 3 (3): a011858. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011858. PMC 3579210 . PMID 23388674.

[:2-9] Bohr; Hasselbalch, Krogh. "Concerning a Biologically Important Relationship - The Influence of the Carbon Dioxide Content of Blood on its Oxygen Binding".

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heme proteins