heel

Heel
	A girl's heel
Details
Identifiers
Latin	calx
TA	A01.1.00.042
FMA	24994
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

踵　　　　　　　　　　　

WordNet

strike with the heel of the club; "heel a golf ball"
(golf) the part of the clubhead where it joins the shaft
the bottom of a shoe or boot; the back part of a shoe or boot that touches the ground and provides elevation
the lower end of a ships mast
one of the crusty ends of a loaf of bread
the back part of the human foot
put a new heel on; "heel shoes" (同)reheel
follow at the heels of a person
perform with the heels; "heel that dance"
game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in (同)wheel
large predatory North American bug that sucks the blood of other insects (同)Arilus cristatus
a heel on a womans shoe in the shape of a wineglass
gear with the thread of a worm
the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人間の足の)『かかと』 / (人間以外の脊椎(せきつい)動物の)かかと / (手首に近い)手のひらの縁の肉の盛り上がった部分 / (靴・靴下などの)かかとを包む部分 / (靴の裏の)かかと,ヒール;《複数形で》ヒールのついた靴;ハイヒール / (形・用途・位置などの)かかと状のもの / 《おもに米俗》卑劣な男 / …‘の'すぐ後に付いて行く / 〈靴〉‘に'かかとをつける / すぐ後から付いて行く
〈船が〉傾く《+『over』》 / 〈船〉‘を'傾ける / (船が)傾くこと
彼は,彼が / 《指す人の性別が分からないか,または分かる必要のない場合に》その人,あの人,自分 / 《he who(that)の形で》《文》…するものはだれでも / (動物の)おす(雄)
鬼ごっこ(tag,tick,tig)
金持ちの,裕福な

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/14 10:16:58」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The heel is the prominence at the posterior end of the foot. It is based on the projection of one bone, the calcaneus or heel bone, behind the articulation of the bones of the lower leg.

Structure

Sagittal section through the foot

From above

To distribute the compressive forces exerted on the heel during gait, and especially the stance phase when the heel contacts the ground, the sole of the foot is covered by a layer of subcutaneous connective tissue up to 2 cm thick (under the heel). This tissue has a system of pressure chambers that both acts as a shock absorber and stabilises the sole. Each of these chambers contains fibrofatty tissue covered by a layer of tough connective tissue made of collagen fibers. These septa ("walls") are firmly attached both to the plantar aponeurosis above and the sole's skin below. The sole of the foot is one of the most highly vascularized regions of the body surface, and the dense system of blood vessels further stabilize the septa. ^[1]

The Achilles tendon is the muscle tendon of the triceps surae, a "three-headed" group of muscles—the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius. The main function of the triceps surae is plantar flexion, i.e. to stretch the foot downward. It is accompanied by a "fourth head", the slight plantaris muscle, the long slender tendon of which is also attached to the heel bone but not visible. ^[2]

Function

The compressive forces applied to the foot are distributed along five rays, three medial (side of big toe) and two lateral (side of little toe). The lateral rays stretch over the cuboid bone to the heel bone and the medial rays over the three cuneiform bones and the navicular bone to the ankle bone. Because the ankle bone is placed over the heel bone, these rays are adjacent near the toes but overriding near the heel, and together they form the arches of the foot that are optimized to distributed compressive forces across an uneven terrain. In this context the heel thus forms the posterior point of support that together with the balls of the large and little toes bear the brunt of the loads.^[3]

Other animals

In the long-footed mammals, both the hoofed species (unguligrade) and the clawed forms which walk on the toes (digitigrade), the heel is well above the ground at the apex of the angular joint known as the hock. In plantigrade species it rests on the ground. In birds, the heel is the backward-pointing joint which is often mistaken as the "knee" (the actual knee of birds is hidden under the plumage).

Notes

^ Thieme Atlas 2006, p 418
^ Thieme Atlas 2006, p 434
^ Thieme Atlas 2006, p 412

References

Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. 2006. ISBN 1-58890-419-9.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における足の痛みの評価と一般的な原因の診断 evaluation and diagnosis of common causes of foot pain in adults
2. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における踵痛：原因の概要 heel pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent overview of causes
3. 活動的な小児または骨格発達の未成熟な思春期における足および足首の痛み：評価 foot and ankle pain in the active child or skeletally immature adolescent evaluation
4. 踵骨骨折 calcaneus fractures
5. 足底筋膜炎 plantar fasciitis

English Journal

Effects of flooring on required coefficient of friction: Elderly adult vs. middle-aged adult barefoot gait.

Rozin Kleiner AF1, Galli M2, Araujo do Carmo A3, Barros RM4.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2015 Sep;50:147-52. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.02.010. Epub 2015 Apr 1.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flooring on barefoot gait according to age and gender. Two groups of healthy subjects were analyzed: the elderly adult group (EA; 10 healthy subjects) and the middle-aged group (MA; 10 healthy subjects). Each participant was asked to walk at his
PMID 25959329

The translational value of non-human primates in preclinical research on infection and immunopathology.

׳t Hart BA1, Bogers WM2, Haanstra KG3, Verreck FA4, Kocken CH5.
European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2015 Jul 15;759:69-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.023. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
The immune system plays a central role in the defense against environmental threats - such as infection with viruses, parasites or bacteria - but can also be a cause of disease, such as in the case of allergic or autoimmune disorders. In the past decades the impressive development of biotechnology h
PMID 25814254

Effect of gait on formation of thermal environment inside footwear.

Shimazaki Y1, Murata M2.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2015 Jul;49:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.01.007. Epub 2015 Feb 18.
In this study, the relationship between the gait condition and foot temperature distributions inside footwear was investigated using subject experiments. Mechanical, physical, and physiological variables such as the foot contact force, landing speed, and metabolic heat generation were also measured.
PMID 25766423

Investigating thiol-modification on hyaluronan via carbodiimide chemistry using response surface methodology.

Santhanam S1, Liang J2, Baid R2, Ravi N1,2,3.
Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.J Biomed Mater Res A.2015 Jul;103(7):2300-8. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.35366. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
Hyaluronan (HA) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan widely researched for its use as a biomaterial in tissue engineering, drug delivery, angiogenesis, and ophthalmic surgeries. The mechanical properties of this biomaterial can be altered to a required extent by chemically modifying the pendan
PMID 25369214

Japanese Journal

踵なしスリッパの着用が歩行に及ぼす影響

ヘルスプロモーション理学療法研究 = Japanese journal of health promotion and physical therapy 5(3), 123-127, 2015-09
NAID 40020588844

足底腱膜炎に対する内視鏡視下手術 (特集足の外科最新手術のコツと落とし穴) -- (関節鏡視下手術)

整形・災害外科 58(9), 1155-1159, 2015-08
NAID 40020552387

歩行可能な脳性麻痺痙直型両麻痺患者における尖足の有無と踵補高の高さが立位重心動揺に及ぼす影響

日本保健科学学会誌 18(1), 16-23, 2015-06
NAID 40020531365

腫部に生じた基底細胞癌の1例 (特集悪性上皮系腫瘍)

皮膚科の臨床 57(7), 1097-1101, 2015-06
NAID 40020504554

匿名

検索

案内

案内