出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/05/14 18:11:18」(JST)
Bleeding diathesis | |
---|---|
Classification and external resources | |
ICD-10 | D69.9 |
ICD-9 | 287.9 |
DiseasesDB | 1442 |
MeSH | D006474 |
In medicine (hematology), bleeding diathesis (or bleeding tendency or predisposition or h(a)emorrhagic diathesis) is an unusual susceptibility to bleeding (hemorrhage) mostly due to hypocoagulability, in turn caused by a coagulopathy (a defect in the system of coagulation). Several types are distinguished, ranging from mild to lethal. Also, bleeding diathesis can be caused by thinning of the skin or impaired wound healing.
Hypocoagulability is a bleeding diathesis caused by coagulopathy.
While there are several possible causes, they generally result in excessive bleeding and a lack of clotting.
Acquired causes of coagulopathy include anticoagulation with warfarin, liver failure, Vitamin K deficiency and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Additionally, the haemotoxic venom from certain species of snakes can cause this condition, for example Bothrops, rattlesnakes and other species of viper. Viral hemorrhagic fevers include dengue hemorrhagic fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome
Leukemia may also cause coagulopathy.
There are autoimmune causes of coagulation disorders. They include acquired antibodies to coagulation factors, termed inhibitors of coagulation. The main inhibitor is directed against clotting Factor VIII. Another example is antiphospholipid syndrome an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state.
Some people lack genes that typically produce the protein coagulation factors that allow normal clotting. Various types of Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease are the major genetic disorders associated with coagulopathy.
Rare examples are Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
Generally, if one parent has a type of Bleeding Diathesis, there is a 95% chance of passing it onto their offspring, since most genetically acquired coagulopathies are sex-linked, X chromosome disorders.
Symptom | Disorders |
---|---|
Petechiae (red spots) |
|
Purpura and ecchymoses |
|
Blood in stool |
|
Bleeding gingiva (gums) |
|
Prolonged nose bleeds |
|
Following are some complications of coagulopathies, some of them caused by their treatments:
Complication | Disorders |
---|---|
Soft tissue bleeding, e.g. deep-muscle bleeding, leading to swelling, numbness or pain of a limb. |
|
Joint damage, potentially with severe pain and even destruction of the joint and development of arthritis |
|
Retinal bleeding |
|
Transfusion transmitted infection, from blood transfusions that are given as treatment. |
|
Adverse reactions to clotting factor treatment. |
|
Anemia |
|
Exsanguination (bleeding to death) |
|
Cerebral hemorrhage |
|
Condition | Prothrombin time | Partial thromboplastin time | Bleeding time | Platelet count |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin K deficiency or warfarin | Prolonged | Normal or mildly prolonged | Unaffected | Unaffected |
Disseminated intravascular coagulation | Prolonged | Prolonged | Prolonged | Decreased |
Von Willebrand disease | Unaffected | Prolonged or unaffected | Prolonged | Unaffected |
Hemophilia | Unaffected | Prolonged | Unaffected | Unaffected |
Aspirin | Unaffected | Unaffected | Prolonged | Unaffected |
Thrombocytopenia | Unaffected | Unaffected | Prolonged | Decreased |
Liver failure, early | Prolonged | Unaffected | Unaffected | Unaffected |
Liver failure, end-stage | Prolonged | Prolonged | Prolonged | Decreased |
Uremia | Unaffected | Unaffected | Prolonged | Unaffected |
Congenital afibrinogenemia | Prolonged | Prolonged | Prolonged | Unaffected |
Factor V deficiency | Prolonged | Prolonged | Unaffected | Unaffected |
Factor X deficiency as seen in amyloid purpura | Prolonged | Prolonged | Unaffected | Unaffected |
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia | Unaffected | Unaffected | Prolonged | Unaffected |
Bernard-Soulier syndrome | Unaffected | Unaffected | Prolonged | Decreased or unaffected |
Factor XII deficiency | Unaffected | Prolonged | Unaffected | Unaffected |
C1INH deficiency | Unaffected | Shortened | Unaffected | Unaffected |
Bleeding diathesis may also be caused by impaired wound healing (as in scurvy), or by thinning of the skin, such as in Cushing's syndrome .
|
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
関連記事 | 「diathesis」「haemorrhagic」 |
.