関: dracunculiasis

WordNet

any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae
screw thread on a gear with the teeth of a worm wheel or rack
a person who has a nasty or unethical character undeserving of respect (同)louse, insect, dirt ball
a software program capable of reproducing itself that can spread from one computer to the next over a network; "worms take advantage of automatic file sending and receiving features found on many computers"
a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings
a republic in western Africa on the Atlantic; formerly a French colony; achieved independence from France in 1958 (同)Republic of Guinea, French Guinea
parasitic roundworm of India and Africa that lives in the abdomen or beneath the skin of humans and other vertebrates (同)Dracunculus_medinensis

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(細長く柔らかい)『虫』(毛虫・うじ虫・ミミズ・回虫など) / 〈C〉(形・動きが)ミミズなどに似たもの,(いも虫状の)ねじのらせん / 〈C〉虫けらのような人間;哀れな(下劣な)人 / 《複数形で;単数扱い》寄生虫病 / (虫のように)体をくねらせて進む / …から寄生虫を駆除する
《英》ギニー金貨(昔の英国金貨で21shillingsの価値があった) / ギニー(21shillingsに当たる英国の計算上の貨幣単位;1971年に廃止)
ギニア(アフリカ西部の共和国)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/21 20:32:28」(JST)

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Dracunculus medinensis or Guinea worm is a nematode that causes dracunculiasis, also known as guinea worm disease.^[1] The disease is caused by the female^[2] which, at up to 800 mm (31 in) in length,^[3] is among the longest nematodes infecting humans.^[4] In contrast, the longest recorded male Guinea worm is only 40 mm (1.6 in).^[3]

Life-cycle

General life-cycle of Dracunculus medinensis in humans

D. medinensis larvae are found in freshwater, where they are ingested by copepods of the genus cyclops. Within the copepod, the D. medinensis larvae develop to an infective stage within 14 days.^[5] When the infected copepod is ingested by a mammalian host, the copepod is dissolved by the stomach acid and the D. medinensis larvae migrate through the wall of the mammalian intestine, and mature into adults. 100 days after infection, a male and female D. medinensis meet and sexually reproduce within the host tissue. The male dies in the host tissue while the female migrates to the host subcutaneous tissue. Approximately one year after infection, the female causes the formation of a blister on the skin's surface, generally on the lower extremities, though occasionally on the hand or scrotum. When the blister rupture, the female slowly emerges over the course of several days or weeks.^[5] This causes extreme pain and irritation to the host. When the host submerges the affected body part in water, the female expels thousands of larvae into the water. From here, the larvae infect copepods, continuing the life cycle.^[5]

Removal

The female guinea worm slowly starts to emerge from the host's skin after the blister ruptures. The most common method for removing the worm involves submerging the affected body part in water to help coax the worm out. The site is then cleaned thoroughly. Then, slight pressure is applied to the worm as it is slowly pulled out of the wound. To avoid breaking the worm, pulling should stop when resistance is met. Full extraction of the female guinea worm usually takes several days. After each day's worth of extraction, the exposed portion of the worm is wrapped around a piece of rolled-up gauze or small stick to maintain tension.^[6] This method of wrapping the worm around a stick or gauze is speculated to be the source for the Rod of Asclepius, the symbol of medicine.^[7] Once secure, topical antibiotics are applied to affected region to help prevent secondary infections due to bacteria and then is wrapped in gauze to protect the wound. The same steps are repeated each day until the whole worm has been successfully removed from the lesion.^[6]

Eradication program

In the 1980s a program to eradicate guinea worm was begun, initiated by the Carter Center.^[8] The Guinea Worm Eradication campaign began in 1980 at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 1984, the CDC was appointed as the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for research, training, and eradication of Dracunculus medinensis. There were 20 countries in 1986 that were affected by guinea worms. That year, WHO started the eradication program and the Carter Center took the lead on the effort.^[6] The program included education of people in affected areas that the disease was caused by larvae in drinking water, isolation and support for sufferers, and – crucially – widespread distribution of net filters and pipe filters for drinking water, and education about the importance of using them.

As of 2015 the species has been reported to be near eradication.^[8] The International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculus Eradication (ICCDE) has certified 198 countries, territories, and other WHO represented areas. In January 2015, eight countries remained to be certified as Dracunculus medinensis free. These eight countries include Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan. Of these, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan are the only remaining endemic countries.^[6]

References

^ Stefanie Knopp, Ignace K. Amegbo, David M. Hamm, Hartwig Schulz-Key, Meba Banla & Peter T. Soboslay (March 2008). "Antibody and cytokine responses in Dracunculus medinensis patients at distinct states of infection". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102 (3): 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.12.003. PMID 18258273.
^ Langbong Bimi (2007). "Potential vector species of Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) in Northern Ghana". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 7 (3): 324–329. doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.0622. PMID 17767406.
^ ^a ^b G. D. Schmidt & L S. Roberts (2009). Larry S. Roberts & John Janovy, Jr., ed. Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 480–484. ISBN 978-0-07-128458-5.
^ Talha Bin Saleem & Irfan Ahmed (2006). ""Serpent" in the breast" (PDF). Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 18 (4): 67–68. PMID 17591014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Dracunculiasis: About Guinea-Worm Disease". World Health Organization. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Parasites – Dracunculiasis (also known as Guinea Worm Disease). Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ Satin, Morton (2007). Death in the Pot: The Impact of Food Poisoning on History. Amherst: Prometheus Books. pp. 63–65.
^ ^a ^b World Science Festival. "This Species Is Close to Extinction and That's a Good Thing". TIME.

External links

Donors Commit $240 Million to Fight Neglected Diseases
How to Slay a Dragon – documentary by Clifford Bestall, broadcast on Al Jazeera English, Spring 2014 (video, 47 min.)

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English Journal

The principles and feasibility of disease eradication.

Dowdle WR, Cochi SL.SourceThe Task Force for Global Health, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2011 Dec 30;29 Suppl 4:D70-3. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
Smallpox eradication framed disease eradication as a monumental public health achievement in global health equity. The principles of disease eradication are encapsulated in a constellation of four conditions: biologic feasibility, adequate public health infrastructure, sufficient funding, and sustai
PMID 22188936

The eradication of smallpox - An overview of the past, present, and future.

Henderson DA.SourceUniversity of Pittsburgh, Johns Hopkins University Distinguished Service Professor, Center for Biosecurity, 621 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, United States.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2011 Dec 30;29 Suppl 4:D7-9. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
The 30th anniversary of the declaration of smallpox eradication is a propitious time to look back on the evolutionary history of the program, its execution, and its legacy for the future. The eradication of history's most feared disease culminated a decade-long World Health Organization campaign whi
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Japanese Journal

Dracunculiasis in a South Indian Bonnet Monkey

Sankar Venkatachalam,Prakash Seppan,Muthusamy Rathinasamy [他],KAMAKSHI KRISHNASWAMI
Primates : journal of primatology 41(1), 89-92, 2000-01-31
NAID 10014129394

犬糸状虫の好中球遊走物質(NCF-Di)のin vivoでの作用と虫体からの放出

中西弘有,堀井洋一郎,寺島賢二郎,藤田紘一郎,Nakanishi Hirokuni,Horii Yoichiro,Terashima Kenjiro,Fujita Koichiro
熱帯医学 Tropical medicine 30(2), 175-178, 1988-06-30
… In the present study, in vivo activity of NCF-Di and its secretion from the adult worm of D. … When various concentrations of NCF-Di (0.5 to 500μg/ml) were injected intradermally into the back of guinea pigs, a large number of neutrophils infiltrated at the injection sites 2 hours after the injection. …
NAID 120000918606

南西諸島における暖地型マメ科牧草の実用栽培に関する研究 : VII.暖地型マメ科牧草スタイロ(Stylosanthes spp.)とイネ科牧草との混播栽培における乾物生産量におよぼす同伴イネ科牧草および刈取頻度の影響

北村征生
日本草地学会誌 30(2), 131-139, 1984-07-31
暖地型マメ科牧草スタイロ,すなわち,タウンズビル(Stylosanthes humilis cv. Townsville),エンディバー(S. guianensis cv. Endeavour)およびスコフィールド(S. guianensis cv. Schofield)とイネ科牧草ローズグラス(Chloris gayana cv. Pioneer)ギニアグラス(Panicum maximum)お …
NAID 110006466549

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「メジナ虫」「Dracunculus nematode」「Dracunculus medinensis」
関連記事	「worm」

「メジナ虫」

Guinea worm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Camallanida
Superfamily:	Dracunculoidea
Family:	Dracunculidae
Genus:	Dracunculus
Species:	D. medinensis
Binomial name
	Dracunculus medinensis; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Gordius medinensis Linnaeus, 1758