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a complex consisting of an organic base in association with hydrogen chloride

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/06 23:07:31」(JST)

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Grepafloxacin hydrochloride (trade name Raxar, Glaxo Wellcome) was an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Grepafloxacin was withdrawn worldwide from markets in 1999,^[1]^[2] owing to its side effect of lengthening the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, leading to cardiac events and sudden death.^[3]

Clinical uses

Grepafloxacin was used for treating exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible bacteria (e.g. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis),^[4]^[5]^[6] community-acquired pneumonia (including those, in addition to the above germs, caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae)^[7]^[8] gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis (for example caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum).^[9]^[10]

Synthesis

The preparation of quinolones bearing a substituent at position 5 is complicated by the greater electrophilic character of the 8 position. One scheme for resolving the problem consists in blocking access to position 8 by first adding a readily removable group to that center.

Grepafloxacin synthesis:^[11]^[12]

The scheme starts with the conversion of the carboxylic acid in (1) to its dimethyloxazoline derivative (3) by reaction with the dimethyl ethanolamine (2). Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) then removes a proton from the 8 position; treatment of that anion with trimethylsilyl iodide leads to the silylated intermediate (4). A second round of LDA then generates a carbanion at the only open position; reaction with methyl iodide leads to the corresponding 5 methyl derivative (5). Treatment of that product with cesium fluoride breaks the carbon–silicon bond, removing the silyl group; aqueous acid then hydrolyzes the oxazoline to afford the free acid (6). This last intermediate is then taken on to the quinolone (9) ^[13] by essentially the same scheme as that used to prepare difloxacin, with the difference that the chain elongation is by means of Grignard reagent of Ethyl bromoacetate. Treatment of (9) with 2-methylpiperazine proceeds by reaction at the less hindered of the two amino groups; saponification then affords grepafloxacin (10).

References

^ "Glaxo Wellcome voluntary withdrawn Raxar (Grepafloxacin)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ "Withdrawal of Product: RAXAR (grepafloxacin HCl) 600 mg Tablets, 400 mg Tablets, and 200 mg Tablets". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Sprandel, KA.; Rodvold, KA. (2003). "Safety and tolerability of fluoroquinolones.". Clin Cornerstone. Suppl 3: S29–36. PMID 14992418.
^ Chodosh S, Lakshminarayan S, Swarz H, Breisch S (January 1998). "Efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42 (1): 114–20. PMC 105465. PMID 9449270. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Langan CE, Cranfield R, Breisch S, Pettit R (December 1997). "Randomized, double-blind study of grepafloxacin versus amoxycillin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40 Suppl A: 63–72. doi:10.1093/jac/40.suppl_1.63. PMID 9484875. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Langan CE, Zuck P, Vogel F, McIvor A, Peirzchala W, Smakal M, Staley H, Marr C (October 1999). "Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (4): 515–23. doi:10.1093/jac/44.4.515. PMID 10588313. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ O'Doherty B, Dutchman DA, Pettit R, Maroli A (December 1997). "Randomized, double-blind, comparative study of grepafloxacin and amoxycillin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40 Suppl A: 73–81. doi:10.1093/jac/40.suppl_1.73. PMID 9484876. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Felmingham D (March 2000). "Respiratory pathogens: assessing resistance patterns in Europe and the potential role of grepafloxacin as treatment of patients with infections caused by these organisms". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45: 1–8. doi:10.1093/jac/45.suppl_2.1. PMID 10719006. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Ridgway GL, Salman H, Robbins MJ, Dencer C, Felmingham D (December 1997). "The in-vitro activity of grepafloxacin against Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Ureaplasma urealyticum and Legionella spp". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40 Suppl A: 31–4. doi:10.1093/jac/40.suppl_1.31. PMID 9484871. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ McCormack WM, Martin DH, Hook EW, Jones RB (1998). "Daily oral grepafloxacin vs. twice daily oral doxycycline in the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infection". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 6 (3): 109–15. doi:10.1155/S1064744998000210. PMC 1784789. PMID 9785106. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
^ Hagen, S. E.; Domagala, J. M.; Heifetz, C. L.; Johnson, J. (1991). "Synthesis and biological activity of 5-alkyl-1,7,8-trisubstituted-6-fluoroquinoline-3-carboxylic acids". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 34 (3): 1155. doi:10.1021/jm00107a040.
^ WO 8906649 ; eidem, U.S. Patent 4,920,120 (1989, 1990 both to Warner-Lambert).
^ Hagen, S. E.; Domagala, J. M. (1990). "Synthesis of 5-methyl-4-oxo-quinolinecarboxylic acids". Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 27 (6): 1609. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570270616.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

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Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods.J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods.2011 Jul-Aug;64(1):68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.03.005. Epub 2011 Apr 2.
INTRODUCTION: Delayed cardiac repolarization is an established risk factor for proarrhythmia and Torsades-de-Pointes (TdeP) that is typically measured in vitro during slow, regular stimulation. We have developed an alternative, novel, and rapid cellular-based approach for predicting drug-induced pro
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Drug-induced QT interval prolongation is one of the most common reasons for the withdrawal of drugs from the market. In the past decade, at least nine drugs, i.e. terfenadine, astemizole, grepafloxacin, terodiline, droperidol, lidoflazine, sertindole, levomethadyl and cisapride, have been removed fr
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「グレパフロキサシン」

Grepafloxacin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(RS)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline- 3-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Multum Consumer Information
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	50%
Identifiers
CAS Number	119914-60-2
ATC code	J01MA11 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 72474
DrugBank	DB00365
ChemSpider	65391
UNII	L1M1U2HC31
KEGG	C11368
ChEMBL	CHEMBL583
Chemical data
Formula	C19H22FN3O3
Molar mass	359.395 g/mol
Chirality	Racemic mixture
	SMILES O=C(O)\C2=C\N(c1cc(c(F)c(c1C2=O)C)N3CC(NCC3)C)C4CC4 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C19H22FN3O3/c1-10-8-22(6-5-21-10)15-7-14-16(11(2)17(15)20)18(24)13(19(25)26)9-23(14)12-3-4-12/h7,9-10,12,21H,3-6,8H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26) ; Key:AIJTTZAVMXIJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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