Green sulfur bacteria |
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Green sulfur bacteria in a Winogradsky column |
Scientific classification |
Domain: |
Bacteria |
Phylum: |
Chlorobi |
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- Class Chlorobea Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Order Chlorobiales Gibbons and Murray 1978
- Family Chlorobiaceae Copeland 1956
- Ancalochloris Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
- Chlorobaculum Imhoff 2003
- Chlorobium Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Chloroherpeton Gibson et al. 1985
- Clathrochloris Witt et al. 1989
- Pelodictyon Lauterborn 1913
- Prosthecochloris Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003
- Class Ignavibacteria Iino et al. 2010
- Order Ignavibacteriales Iino et al. 2010
- Family Ignavibacteriaceae Iino et al. 2010
- Ignavibacterium Iino et al. 2010
- Melioribacter roseus ♠ Podosokorskaya et al. 2011
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The green sulfur bacteria are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. Most closely related to the distant Bacteroidetes, they are accordingly assigned their own phylum.[1]
Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide)[1] and occur in spheres, rods, and spirals.[citation needed] Photosynthesis is achieved using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c, d, or e, in addition to BChl a and chlorophyll a,[1] in chlorosomes attached to the membrane.[citation needed] They use sulfide ions, hydrogen or ferrous iron as an electron donor and the process is mediated by the type I reaction centre and Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. Elemental sulfur deposited outside the cell may be further oxidized. By contrast, the photosynthesis in plants uses water as the electron donor and produces oxygen.[1]
Chlorobium tepidum has emerged as a model organism for the group; although only 10 genomes have been sequenced, these are quite comprehensive of the family's biodiversity. Their 2-3 Mb genomes encode 1750-2800 genes, 1400-1500 of which are common to all strains. The apparent absence of two-component histidine-kinases and response regulators suggest limited phenotypic plasticity. Their small dependence on organic molecule transporters and transcription factors also indicate these organisms are adapted to a narrow range of energy-limited conditions, an ecology shared with the simpler cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus[1]
A species of green sulfur bacteria has been found living near a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of 2,500 m in the Pacific Ocean. At this depth, the bacterium, designated GSB1, lives off the dim glow of the thermal vent since no sunlight can penetrate to that depth.[2]
Green sulfur bacteria appear in Lake Matano, Indonesia, at a depth of about 110–120 m. The population may include the species Chlorobium ferrooxidans.[3]
Contents
- 1 Phylogeny
- 2 See also
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Phylogeny
See also: Bacterial taxonomy
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) [4] [5] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by The All-Species Living Tree Project [6]
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Ignavibacteriaceae |
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Ignavibacterium album Iino et al. 2010
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Melioribacter roseus ♠ Podosokorskaya et al. 2011
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Chlorobiaceae |
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?Ancalochloris perfilievii ♪ Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
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?Clathrochloris sulfurica ♠ Witt et al. 1989
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?Pelodictyon phaeum Gorlenko 1972
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Chloroherpeton thalassium Gibson et al. 1985
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Prosthecochloris |
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?P. aphaeoasteroides ♥
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?P. indica ♠ Anil 2005
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P. aestuarii Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
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P. vibrioformis (Pelsh 1936) Imhoff 2003
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Chlorobium chlorovibrioides ♦ (Gorlenko et al. 1974) Imhoff 2003
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Chlorobaculum |
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?C. limnaeum Imhoff 2003
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?C. macestae ♠ Keppen et al. 2008
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?C. parvum Imhoff 2003
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C. tepidum (Wahlund et al. 1996) Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
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C. thiosulfatiphilum Imhoff 2003
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Chlorobium |
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?C. bathyomarinum ♠ Beatty et al. 2005
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?C. chlorochromatii ♠ Vogl et al. 2006 (epibiont of the phototrophic consortium Chlorochromatium aggregatum)
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?C. gokarna ♠ Anil 2005
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?C. ferrooxidans Heising et al. 1998 emend. Imhoff 2003
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C. luteolum (Schmidle 1901) emend. Imhoff 2003
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C. phaeovibrioides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003
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C. limicola Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
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C. clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) emend. Imhoff 2003
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C. phaeobacteroides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003
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Notes:
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♥ Strains not lodged at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)
See also
- Anoxic event
- Purple sulfur bacteria
References
- ^ a b c d e D.A. Bryant & N.-U. Frigaard; Frigaard (November 2006). "Prokaryotic photosynthesis and hototrophy illuminated". Trends Microbiol. 14 (11): 488–96. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001. PMID 16997562.
- ^ Beatty JT, Overmann J, Lince MT, Manske AK, Lang AS, Blankenship RE, Van Dover CL, Martinson TA, Plumley FG.; Overmann; Lince; Manske; Lang; Blankenship; Van Dover; Martinson; Plumley (2005). "An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent". Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102 (26): 9306–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503674102. PMC 1166624. PMID 15967984.
- ^ Crowe, Sean; Jones, CarriAyne; Katsev, Sergei; et al., C; O'Neill, AH; Sturm, A; Canfield, DE; Haffner, GD et al. (2008). "Photoferrotrophs thrive in an Archean Ocean analogue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (41) (2008-10-14). pp. 15938–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805313105. ISSN 0148-0227. PMC 2572968. PMID 18838679. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ^ See the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Data extracted from J.P. Euzéby. "Chlorobi". Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ See the NCBI webpage on Chlorobi Data extracted from Sayers et al. "NCBI Taxonomy Browser". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ See the All-Species Living Tree Project [1]. Data extracted from the "16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
External links
- "The Family Chlorobiaceae". The Prokaryotes. Retrieved July 5, 2005.
Prokaryotes: Bacteria classification (phyla and orders)
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- Domain
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukaryota
- (Kingdom
- Plant
- Hacrobia
- Heterokont
- Alveolata
- Rhizaria
- Excavata
- Amoebozoa
- Animal
- Fungi)
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G-/
OM |
Terra-/
Glidobacteria
(BV1)
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Eobacteria
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- Deinococcus-Thermus
- Chloroflexi
- Anaerolineales
- Caldilineales
- Chloroflexales
- Herpetosiphonales
- Dehalococcoidales
- Ktedonobacterales
- Thermogemmatisporales
- Thermomicrobiales
- Sphaerobacterales
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other glidobacteria
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- Thermodesulfobacteria
- thermophiles
- Cyanobacteria
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Proteobacteria
(BV2)
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Alpha
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- Caulobacterales
- Kiloniellales
- Kordiimonadales
- Magnetococcales
- Parvularculales
- Rhizobiales
- Rhodobacterales
- Rhodospirillales
- Rickettsiales
- Sneathiellales
- Sphingomonadales
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Beta
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- Burkholderiales
- Hydrogenophilales
- Methylophilales
- Neisseriales
- Nitrosomonadales
- Procabacteriales
- Rhodocyclales
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Gamma
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- Acidithiobacillales
- Aeromonadales
- Alteromonadales
- Cardiobacteriales
- Chromatiales
- Enterobacteriales
- Legionellales
- Methylococcales
- Oceanospirillales
- Orbales
- Pasteurellales
- Pseudomonadales
- Salinisphaerales
- Thiotrichales
- Vibrionales
- Xanthomonadales
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Delta
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- Bdellovibrionales
- Desulfarculales
- Desulfobacterales
- Desulfovibrionales
- Desulfurellales
- Desulfuromonadales
- Myxococcales
- Syntrophobacterales
- Syntrophorhabdales
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Epsilon
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- Campylobacterales
- Nautiliales
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Zeta
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BV4
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Spirochaetes
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Sphingobacteria
(FCB group)
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- Fibrobacteres
- Chlorobi
- Chlorobiales
- Ignavibacteriales
- Bacteroidetes
- Bacteroidales
- Cytophagales
- Flavobacteriales
- Sphingobacteriales
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Planctobacteria/
(PVC group)
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- Chlamydiae
- Lentisphaerae
- Lentisphaerales
- Oligosphaerales
- Victivallales
- Planctomycetes
- Phycisphaerales
- Planctomycetales
- Verrucomicrobia
- Puniceicoccales
- Opitutales
- Chthoniobacterales
- Verrucomicrobiales
- "Poribacteria"
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Other GN
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- Acidobacteria
- Acidobacteriales
- Acanthopleuribacterales
- Holophagales
- Solibacterales
- Armatimonadetes
- Armatimonadales
- Chthonomonadales
- Fimbriimonadales
- Caldiserica
- Chrysiogenetes
- Deferribacteres
- Dictyoglomi
- Elusimicrobia
- Fusobacteria
- Gemmatimonadetes
- Nitrospirae
- Synergistetes
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G+/
no OM |
Firmicutes
(BV3)
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Bacilli
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- Bacillales
- Lactobacillales
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Clostridia
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- Clostridiales
- Halanaerobiales
- Thermoanaerobacterales
- Natranaerobiales
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Erysipelotrichi
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Thermolithobacteria
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Tenericutes/
Mollicutes
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- Mycoplasmatales
- Entomoplasmatales
- Anaeroplasmatales
- Acholeplasmatales
- Haloplasmatales
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Negativicutes
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Actinobacteria
(BV5)
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Actinomycetidae
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- Actinomycetales
- Bifidobacteriales
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Acidimicrobiidae
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Coriobacteriidae
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Nitriliruptoridae
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- Euzebyales
- Nitriliruptorales
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Rubrobacteridae
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- Gaiellales
- Rubrobacterales
- Thermoleophilales
- Solirubrobacterales
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Index of bacterial disease
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Description |
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Disease |
- Gram-positive firmicutes
- Gram-positive actinobacteria
- Gram-negative proteobacteria
- Gram-negative non-proteobacteria
- Cholera
- Tuberculosis
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Treatment |
- Antibiotics
- cell wall
- nucleic acid
- mycobacteria
- protein synthesis
- Vaccines
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