関: columna grisea

WordNet

anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower; "the test tube held a column of white powder"; "a tower of dust rose above the horizon"; "a thin pillar of smoke betrayed their campsite" (同)tower, pillar
a vertical glass tube used in column chromatography; a mixture is poured in the top and washed through a stationary substance where components of the mixture are adsorbed selectively to form colored bands (同)chromatography column
(architecture) a tall vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure (同)pillar
a vertical cylindrical structure standing alone and not supporting anything (such as a monument) (同)pillar
an article giving opinions or perspectives (同)editorial, newspaper column
a line of units following one after another
a page or text that is vertically divided; "the newspaper devoted several columns to the subject"; "the bookkeeper used pages that were divided into columns"
a vertical array of numbers or other information; "he added a column of numbers"
any tubular or pillar-like supporting structure in the body
United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwins theories of evolution (1810-1888) (同)Asa Gray
English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965) (同)Louis Harold Gray
American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806) (同)Robert Gray
English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771) (同)Thomas Gray
the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad (同)Gy
a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black (同)grayness, grey, greyness
having or resembling columns; having columns of a specified kind (often used as a combining form); "a columned portico"; "trees with columned trunks"; "white-columned houses"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(柱頭・台座のついた)『円柱』 / (…の)『円柱状の物』,柱《+『of』+『名』》 / (新聞などの)『欄』,段;(積み重ねた数字の)縦行;(印刷の)縦段 / コラム(署名した筆者による定期的寄稿欄) / (軍隊の)縦隊;(艦船・飛行機などの)縦列
円柱のある

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/16 22:06:25」(JST)

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A grey column is one of the three somewhat ridge-shaped masses of grey matter in the spinal cord.^[1] There are three types of grey column: the anterior grey column, the posterior grey column, and the lateral grey column.

1 Anterior grey column
- 1.1 Alpha motor neurons
- 1.2 Gamma motor neurons
- 1.3 Small neurons
- 1.4 Related diseases
2 Posterior grey column
- 2.1 Lamina I
- 2.2 Lamina II
- 2.3 Lamina III/IV
- 2.4 Lamina V
- 2.5 Lamina VI
- 2.6 Role in pain system
  - 2.6.1 Sensory
  - 2.6.2 Affective
3 Lateral grey column
- 3.1 Related diseases
4 See also
5 References

Anterior grey column[edit]

The anterior grey column, also known as the ventral horn, is made of three different types of neurons: large alpha motor neurons, medium gamma motor neurons, and small neurons thought to be interneurons.^[2] These neurons differ in both their morphology and in their patterns of connectivity.^[3] They are organized in the same manner as the muscles they innervate.^[4]

Alpha motor neurons[edit]

Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers that generate force at neuromuscular junctions at the start of muscle contraction. They have large cell bodies and receive proprioceptive input.^[3] They have been shown to reduce in population, but not in size with age.^[2] Damage to these cell bodies can lead to severe muscle weakness and loss of reflexes.^[5]

Gamma motor neurons[edit]

Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers that control the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. They have smaller cell bodies than alpha motor neurons and do not receive proprioceptive input.^[3] They have been shown to reduce in numbers but not size with age.^[2]

Small neurons[edit]

The physiology of the small neurons in the anterior column is not well understood. Their effects can be both excitatory and inhibitory. They are suspected to be interneurons and have been shown to reduce in size but not numbers with age.^[2]

Related diseases[edit]

ALS has been shown to have an effect on neurons of the anterior column. The number of large alpha motor neurons and medium gamma motor neurons was greatly reduced and the number of small neurons was either slightly or greatly reduced depending on the type of ALS.^[6]

Muscular atrophy has also been shown to have an effect on neurons of the anterior column. A large loss of large alpha motor neurons, medium gamma motor neurons, and small neurons was recorded in cases of muscular atrophy.^[7]

Posterior grey column[edit]

The posterior grey column, also known as the dorsal horn, is divided into several laminae, based on the type of sensory information sent to each section.^[8] Laminae I and II are sent information from afferent neurons that sense pain, temperature, and itching, laminae III and IV are sent information neurons that sense mechanical pressure, and laminae V and VI are sent information from proprioceptors.^[9] It is known to be the primary relay point for haptic and nociceptive messages.^[10] The posterior horn is also known as a partially layered structure because only laminae I and II are well defined.

The column can also be separated by painful and non-painful senses. Laminae I and II are important in nociception, laminae III and IV are not involved nociception, and lamina V is involved in both nociception and non-nociception.^[11]

Laminae

Lamina I[edit]

Lamina I is also known as the marginal nucleus of the spinal cord. The majority of posterior column projection neurons are located in lamina I, however most neurons in this layer are interneurons.^[12] The main areas these neurons innervate are the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the lateral parabrachial area (LPb), the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), and certain regions in the thalamus.^[10] The CVLM receives nociceptive and cardiovascular responses.^[13] The NTS receives cardio-respiratory inputs and affects reflex tachycardia from noxious stimulation.^[14] The LPb projects to the amygdala and hypothalamus and is involved in the emotional response to pain.^[15] The PAG develops ways to deal with pain and is a main target of analgesics. It projects to other parts of the brainstem.^[16] The nuclei of the thalamus affect sensory and motivational aspects of pain.^[17] The neurons of this lamina can be distinguished by their morphology as pyramidal, fusiform, or multipolar.^[18]

Lamina II[edit]

This layer is also known as the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando and has the highest density of neurons.^[19] These neurons mediate the activity of pain and temperature afferent fibers.^[4] It is almost entirely made up of interneurons which can be further divided by their morphology. The four main morphological classes, based on the shape of their dendritic structure, are islet, central, vertical, and radial cells. The interneurons can also be divided by their function: excitatory or inhibitory. The excitatory interneurons release glutamate as their main neurotransmitter and the inhibitory interneurons use GABA and/or glycine as their main neurotransmitter. The neurons of this layer are only C fibers and contain almost no myelin.^[20]

Lamina III/IV[edit]

These laminae are also known as the nucleus proprius and contain a much smaller density of neurons than lamina II.^[19] There are projection neurons scattered throughout these layers.^[12] Mechanosensitive A beta fibers terminate in these layers.^[11] The layers receive input from lamina II and also control pain, temperature, and crude touch.^[4] C fibers that control pain and temperature and sensory information from mechanoreceptors are relayed here.^[21]

Lamina V[edit]

This lamina is also known as the neck of the posterior column and receives both non-painful information from mechanoreceptors and painful information from nociceptors.^[21] It has different neurons in different regions. In the medial region it contains medium sized triangular neurons and the lateral region contains medium sized multipolar neurons.^[19]

Lamina VI[edit]

This lamina is only found in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. It receives afferent input from muscle fibers and joints.^[4]

Role in pain system[edit]

The posterior column is the first central relay in the pain pathway. The first order afferent neuron carries sensory information to the second order neuron in the dorsal horn. The axon of the second order neuron, if it is a projection neuron and not an interneuron, then goes to the third order neuron in the thalamus. The thalamus is known as the "gateway to the cortex". The third order neuron then goes to the cerebral cortex. The afferent neurons are either A fibers or C fibers. A fibers are myelinated allowing for faster signal conduction. Among these there are A beta fibers which are faster and carry information about non-painful touch and A delta fibers which are slower and thinner than the A beta fibers. The C fibers are not myelinated and therefore slower.^[12] C fibers that carry pain signals can be divided into two types: fibers that contain neuropeptides, like substance P, and fibers that do not contain neuropeptides.^[22] The two types terminate in very different areas. Non-peptidergic C fibers are linked to the skin, where they innervate the epidermis while peptidergic C fibers innervate other tissues and deeper parts of the skin.^[12]

There are two main types of pain signals: sensory and affective.

Sensory[edit]

Sensory pain signals provide information about what kind of stimulus (heat, mechanical, etc) is affecting the body and also indicates where on the body the stimulus is. Sensory pain neurons have a small receptive field to help pinpoint the exact location of a stimulus.^[23]

Affective[edit]

Affective pain signals affect emotions. These signals go to the limbic system and tell the body to react to the painful stimulus (i.e. removing a hand from a hot stove). These neurons have larger receptive fields because the emotional reaction to most pain stimuli is similar.^[23]

Lateral grey column[edit]

The lateral grey column is part of the sympathetic nervous system and receives input from brain stem, organs, and hypothalamus.

Related diseases[edit]

Horner's syndrome can be caused by damage to the lateral column. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) has also been linked to the lateral grey column. MSA has been shown to reduce the cell count in the lateral column by over 50%.

References[edit]

^ Henry Gray, Susan Standring, Harold Ellis, B. K. B. Berkovitz (2005), Gray's anatomy, p. 255
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Terao, S; Sobue, G. Hashizume, Y. Li, M. Inagaki, T. Mitsuma, T. (Aug 1996). "Age-related changes in human spinal ventral horn cells with special reference to the loss of small neurons in the intermediate zone: a quantitative analysis". Acta Neuropathologica 92 (2). PMID 8841655. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Friese, A; Kaltschmidt, J. A. Ladle, D. R. Sigrist, M. Jessell, T. M. Arber, S. (Aug 11, 2009). "Gamma and alpha motor neurons distinguished by expression of transcription factor Err3". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (32). PMC PMC2716387. PMID 19651609. Retrieved 17 November 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Siegel, Allan (2010). Essential Neuroscience. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781783836.
^ Haines, Duane (2012). Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications. Saunders. ISBN 1437702945.
^ Terao, S; Sobue, G. Hashizume, Y. Mitsuma, T. Takahashi, A. (Feb 1994). "Disease-specific patterns of neuronal loss in the spinal ventral horn in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple system atrophy and X-linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy, with special reference to the loss of small neurons in the intermediate zone". Journal of Neurology 241 (4). PMID 8195817. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Terao, S; Sobue, G. Li, M. Hashizume, Y. Tanaka, F. Mitsuma, T. (Jan 1997). "The lateral corticospinal tract and spinal ventral horn in X-linked recessive spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a quantitative study". Acta Neuropathologica 93 (1). PMID 9006650. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Cagle, MC; Honig, MG (July 2013). "Parcellation of Cblns 1, 2, and 4 among different subpopulations of dorsal horn neurons in mouse spinal cord.". Journal of Comparative Neurology. doi:10.1002/cne.23422. PMID 23853053. Retrieved 24 September 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Brown, AG (1981). Organization in the Spinal Cord: The Anatomy and Physiology of Identified Neurones. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
^ ^a ^b Gauriau, Caroline; Bernard, Jean-François (2004). "A comparative reappraisal of projections from the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn in the rat: The forebrain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology 468 (1). PMID 14648689. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Kato, G; Kawasaki, Y. Koga, K. Uta, D. Kosugi, M. Yasaka, T. Yoshimura, M. Ji, R. R. Strassman, A. M. (April 2009). "Organization of intralaminar and translaminar neuronal connectivity in the superficial spinal dorsal horn". The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 29 (16). PMC PMC2777732. PMID 19386904. Retrieved 3 November 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Todd, Andrew (Dec 2010). "Neuronal circuitry for pain processing in the dorsal horn". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11 (12). PMC PMC3277941. PMID 21068766. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Lima, D; Albino-Teixeira, A. Tavares, I. (Mar 2002). "The caudal medullary ventrolateral reticular formation in nociceptive-cardiovascular integration. An experimental study in the rat". Experimental Physiology 87 (2). PMID 11856973. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Boscan, P; Pickering, A. E. Paton, J. F. (Mar 2002). "The nucleus of the solitary tract: an integrating station for nociceptive and cardiorespiratory afferents". Experimental Physiology 87 (2). PMID 11856972. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Gauriau, C; Bernard, J. F. (Mar 2002). "Pain pathways and parabrachial circuits in the rat". Experimental Physiology 87 (2). PMID 11856971. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Heinricher, M. M.; Tavares, I. Leith, J. L. Lumb, B. M. (Apr 2009). "Descending control of nociception: Specificity, recruitment and plasticity". Brain Research Reviews 60 (1). PMC PMC2894733. PMID 19146877. Retrieved 17 November 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Gauriau, C.; Bernard, J. F. (Jan 2004). "Posterior triangular thalamic neurons convey nociceptive messages to the secondary somatosensory and insular cortices in the rat". Journal of Neuroscience 24 (3). PMID 14736861. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Han, Z. S.; Zhang, E. T. Craig, A. D. (Jul 1998). "Nociceptive and thermoreceptive lamina I neurons are anatomically distinct". Nature Neuroscience 1 (3). PMID 10195146. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Paxinos, George (2004). The Human Nervous System. Academic Press. ISBN 0125476264.
^ Grudt, T. J.; Perl, E. R. (Apr 1, 2002). "Correlations between neuronal morphology and electrophysiological features in the rodent superficial dorsal horn". The Journal of Physiology 540 (Pt 1). PMC PMC2290200. PMID 11927679. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ ^a ^b Muthayya, NM (2002). Human Physiology. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
^ Snider, W. D.; McMahon, S. B. (Apr 1998). "Tackling pain at the source: new ideas about nociceptors". Neuron 20 (4). PMID 9581756. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b Price, Donald (Oct 2002). "Central neural mechanisms that interrelate sensory and affective dimensions of pain". Molecular Interventions 2 (6). PMID 14993415. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

UpToDate Contents

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