gratis

　 　

WordNet

1. without payment; "Ill give you this gratis" (同)for free, free_of_charge

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 無料で,ただで / ただの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/01 13:59:11」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Gratis (disambiguation).

"On the house" redirects here. For the mixtape, see On the House.

A Freebox in Berlin, Germany 2005, serving as a distribution center for free donated materials

Gratis /ˈɡrɑːtɨs/ or /ˈɡreɪtɨs/ is the quality of an action where the action is willingly provided without any requirement by the provider for compensation or monetary remuneration. It is often referred to in English as free of charge (FOC), complimentary, or on the house. Companies, producers, and service providers often provide certain things free of charge as part of a larger business model, pricing strategy, or as a donation.

Etymology

The English term gratis has its origins in late Middle English; from Latin. A contraction of gratiis, meaning 'as a kindness', which in turn stems from the root gratia meaning 'grace' or 'kindness'. It is widely used in the Afrikaans, Czech, Hungarian, Serbian, Polish, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Indonesian, Scandinavian and German languages, with the same meaning.

Marketing

Main articles: Sales promotion and Sample (material)

In a standard business model where goods and services are exchanged for a monetary compensation, pricing of the goods is a fundamental element of the marketing process. While it would defeat the business model if companies provide all of their goods and services free of charge, it is common for them to provide limited amount of free goods in their promotional mix. Many companies often provide free samples to the press in order to generate media coverage for their products. Depending on the product, companies may provide free samples to prospective buyers.

In addition, many companies would often provide complementary goods and services free of charge (i.e., on a complimentary basis). For example, coffeehouses often provide Internet access free of charge to attract more customers. Hotels often provide free shuttle services. Restaurants often provide valet parking service free of charge.

Companies may also distribute branded stationery, refrigerator magnets, or similar items free to promote their brand instead of any specific line of products.

Mass media

Main articles: Free daily newspaper and Broadcasting

In certain industries, such as the mass media where major part of the revenue comes from advertisers, it is often in the company's interest to reach as many people as possible. In this model, companies would often distribute most of their products and services free of charge, so they can reach the largest possible audience. The advertising, and not the sale of the product itself, is the primary revenue source within these industries.

Government programs

Safety

Condoms are provided free of charge by many governments as a way to minimize sexually transmitted infections and to address other public health concerns.

Recycling

In Austin, Texas, a paint recycling program operated by the city, Austin ReBlend, provides paint to the local community free of charge.

Software

Main articles: Freeware, Gratis versus Libre, and Free software

In software development, where the cost of mass production is relatively small, it is common for developers to publish software under free of charge licenses.

One of the early and basic forms of this model is called freeware. Under a freeware license, software is licensed free of charge for regular use and the developer does not gain any monetary compensation.

With the development of the software industry, other license schemes arose similar to limited free products in standard marketing. These licenses offer users limited use, while attempting to recuperate development cost through the full product. Two common examples are shareware and trialware.

With the advent of the free software movement, license schemes were created to give developers more freedom in terms of code sharing. A distinction has to be drawn between "freedom" and "free of charge", where the latter sometimes also can be referred to as "free as in free beer". This distinction is often called Gratis versus Libre.

Free-to-play is a growing business model for video games which offers players the ability to play the game for free, but generates revenue through microtransactions, the purchase of virtual goods with real money.

See also

• The dictionary definition of gratis at Wiktionary
• Pro bono
• There ain't no such thing as a free lunch
• Free to Play (F2P)
• Free public transport

References

English Journal

• Simultaneous Augmentation Mastopexy: A Retrospective 5-Year Review of 332 Consecutive Cases.

• Calobrace MB, Herdt DR, Cothron KJ.SourcePrivate Practice in Louisville, Kentucky, and Gratis Clinical Faculty, The Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine.
• Plastic and reconstructive surgery.Plast Reconstr Surg.2012 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND:: Of all mastopexies performed in our facility, approximately 77% of patients have an implant placed simultaneously. Despite its popularity and frequent implementation within our practice, the unique challenges and safety concerns associated with the simultaneous augmentation mastopexy pr
• PMID 22965238

• Long-term misuse of zopiclone in an alcohol dependent woman with a history of anorexia nervosa: a case report.

• Morinan A, Keaney F.SourceKing's College, University of London, Institute of Psychiatry, National Addiction Centre and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Box 048, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK. alun.morinan@kcl.ac.uk.
• Journal of medical case reports.J Med Case Rep.2010 Dec 10;4:403. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-403.
• INTRODUCTION: The Z-drugs, zaleplon, zopiclone and zolpidem, are short-acting hypnotics which act at the same receptor as the benzodiazepines, but seemingly without the potential for misuse and the development of dependence of the older benzodiazepines. However, with increased prescribing of Z-drugs
• PMID 21143957

• Improving compliance to meal-replacement food regimens. Forming implementation intentions (conscious IF-THEN plans) increases compliance.

• Zandstra EH, den Hoed W, van der Meer N, van der Maas A.SourceSensation, Perception & Behaviour, AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. liesbeth.zandstra@unilever.com
• Appetite.Appetite.2010 Dec;55(3):666-70. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.09.021. Epub 2010 Sep 29.
• Creating and changing habits around dieting behaviour can be a way to help consumers to consume more healthy products and to control their weight. Previous studies suggested that implementation intentions - deliberate plans on when, where and how - increase the likelihood that consumers perform the
• PMID 20883734

Japanese Journal

• 法人税法における無償取引課税に関する一考察

• 小嶋 成司
• 帝京大学大学院経済学年誌 (23), 53-85, 2015-03
• NAID 40020332578

• 中国長春鉄道の返還をめぐる中ソ関係、 1949–1952 年

• 麻田 雅文
• アジア研究 61(1), 5-23, 2015
• … In addition, The Russians agreed to transfer the CCR gratis to China by the end of 1952, to withdraw Soviet forces from Port Arthur and transfer facilities there to China after conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan, or not later than the end of 1952.<BR>After Stalin's death in 1953, Mao in 1958, stated, "We wanted the CCR but he [Stalin] wouldn't return it. …
• NAID 130005075324

• 教育についてのビジネスモデルの一考察 : 教授法の観点から(IT技術とインタープライズ)

• 結城 篤朗
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. SWIM, ソフトウェアインタプライズモデリング 114(49), 37-40, 2014-05-16
• 近年,塾や予備校などによる教育が学校を補助する場として盛んに利用されている。どのような教授法を用いることが,教育として大きな効果を生み,ビジネス的にも有効かを導き出したい.具体的には,授業に於ける学習集団で分類された、一斉指導や,個別指導などの教授法の観点から教育についてのビジネスモデルを考察する.また,MOOCsのように教育の場にICTを取り入れて,教育の場を広く設けようとする動きが始まっている …
• NAID 110009901534

Related Links

• gratis - ウィクショナリー日本語版

gratis. 出典: フリー多機能辞典『ウィクショナリー日本語版（Wiktionary）』. 移動： 案内, 検索. grátis も参照。 目次. 1 アフリカーンス語. 1.1 語源; 1.2 副詞 ... [編集] 形容詞. gratis中性(複数 gratis). 無料の、ただの。 [編集] ドイツ語. [編集] 語源. ラテン語 gratis.

Related Pictures