関: giantism、macrosomia、pituitary gigantism

WordNet

excessive largeness of stature (同)giantism
excessive size; usually caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland (同)gigantism, overgrowth

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/19 13:09:32」(JST)

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Gigantism, also known as giantism (from Greek γίγας gigas, "giant", plural γίγαντες gigantes), is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of growth hormone^[1] in childhood resulting in persons between 2.13 m (7 feet or 84 inches) and 2.74 m (9 feet or 108 inches) in height.

Terminology

André the Giant

Giantess Anna Swan with her parents

The term is typically applied to those whose height is not just in the upper 1% of the population but several standard deviations above mean for persons of the same sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. The term is seldom applied to those who are simply "tall" or "above average" whose heights appear to be the healthy result of normal genetics and nutrition. Gigantism is usually caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland of the brain. It causes growth of the hands, face, and feet.^[2]^{[better source needed]} In some cases the condition can be passed on genetically through a mutated gene.^[3]

Other names somewhat obsolete for this pathology are hypersoma (Greek: hyper over the normal level; soma body) and somatomegaly (Greek; soma body, genitive somatos of the body; megas, gen. megalou great). In the past, while many of them were social outcasts because of their height, some (usually unintentionally) found employment in Friedrich Wilhelm I's famous Potsdam Giants regiment.

Many of those who have been identified with gigantism have suffered from multiple health issues involving their circulatory or skeletal system.

Giant Gonzales (1966–2010) was a wrestler with gigantism, like wrestlers Andre Rene Roussimoff and Dalip Singh. In this photo, Gonzalez, in "muscle" design attire, stands in front of 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) tall rival "The Undertaker".

Diagnosis

Hypersecretion of growth hormone causes gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults. Evaluation of growth hormone hypersecretion cannot be excluded with a single normal GH level due to diurnal variation. However, a random blood sample showing markedly elevated GH is adequate for diagnosis of GH hypersecretion. Additionally, a high-normal GH level that fails to suppress with administration of glucose is also sufficient for a diagnosis of GH hypersecretion.^[4]

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is an excellent test for evaluation of GH hypersecretion. It does not undergo diurnal variation and will thus be consistently elevated in GH hypersecretion and therefore patients with gigantism. A single normal IGF-1 value will reliably exclude GH hypersecretion.^[5]

Society and culture

Reports of gigantism exist throughout history, with some nations and tribes taller than others. The giants of Crete are listed in various historic sources, beginning with Titan, a Greek mythological giant, and including Gigantus, after whom giants and gigantism are named. Rhodes is another island where giants were said to have lived, with the Colossus of Rhodes, a giant statue of a giant patron god Helios. Goliath, a giant mentioned in the Bible, was a Philistine warrior who was killed by David in a battle between the Israelites and the Philistines. A member of Goliath's family is also recorded as having six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot.^[6]

References

^ "Gigantism" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Gigantism". Question.com. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
^ In a Giant’s Story, a New Chapter Writ by His DNA - By Gina Kolata. The New York Times, January 5, 2011
^ De Mais, Daniel. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. ASCP Press, Chicago, 2009.
^ De Mais, Daniel. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. ASCP Press, Chicago, 2009.
^ Story of Goliath in 1Samuel 17 – 6 fingers in 1 Chronicles 20:6 cf. 2Samuel 21:20-22

External links

Acromegaly and Gigantism article
Brief overview of overgrowth syndromes in childhood PDF (2.95 MB)
Gigantism Clinical Trials from U.S. National Institutes of Health
Gigantism information from U.S. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & the National Institutes of Health
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology info for Healthcare Professionals
Epidemiology of acromegaly from Pubmed.gov US National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health

UpToDate Contents

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1. 下垂体巨人症 pituitary gigantism
2. 高身長または異常に急激な成長がみられる小児 the child with tall stature or abnormally rapid growth
3. 先端巨大症の診断 diagnosis of acromegaly
4. 先端巨大症の原因および臨床症状 causes and clinical manifestations of acromegaly
5. 毛細血管奇形（ポートワイン母斑）：臨床的特徴、診断、および関連する症候群 capillary malformations port wine stains clinical features diagnosis and associated syndromes

English Journal

Formation of social and household skills in children with hand defects.

Klimon N1, Koryukov A, Loseva N, Starobina E.
Journal of children's orthopaedics.J Child Orthop.2015 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to consider the peculiarities of forming social and household skills, and the criteria for their evaluation, as well as an assessment of functional capacity, in children with hand defects both before and after surgical treatment and rehabilitation courses using a s
PMID 26238608

Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international study in 208 patients.

Rostomyan L1, Daly AF2, Petrossians P3, Natchev E4, Lila AR5, Lecoq AL6, Lecumberri Santamaria B7, Trivellin G8, Salvatori R9, Moraitis A10, Holdaway I11, Kranenburg-Van Klaveren D12, Zatelli MC13, Palacios N14, Nozieres C15, Zacharin M16, Ebeling TM17, Ojaniemi M18, Rozhinskaya L19, Verrua E20, Jaffrain Rea ML21, Filipponi S22, Guskova D23, Pronin V24, Bertherat J25, Belaya Z26, Ilovaiskaya I27, Sahnoun Fathallah M28, Sievers C29, Stalla GK30, Castermans E31, Caberg JH32, Sorkina E33, Auriemma R34, Mittal S35, Kareva M36, Lysy P37, Emy P38, de Menis E39, Choong C40, Mantovani G41, Bours V42, de Herder WW43, Brue T44, Barlier A45, Neggers S46, Zacharieva S47, Chanson P48, Shah N49, Stratakis CA50, Naves LA51, Beckers A52.
Endocrine-related cancer.Endocr Relat Cancer.2015 Jul 17. pii: ERC-15-0320. [Epub ahead of print]
Despite being a classical growth disorder, pituitary gigantism has not been studied previously in a standardized way. We performed a retrospective, multicenter, international study to characterize a large series of pituitary gigantism patients. We included 208 patients (163 males; 78.4%) with growth
PMID 26187128

Mainland size variation informs predictive models of exceptional insular body size change in rodents.

Durst PA1, Roth VL2.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2015 Jul 7;282(1810). pii: 20150239. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0239.
The tendency for island populations of mammalian taxa to diverge in body size from their mainland counterparts consistently in particular directions is both impressive for its regularity and, especially among rodents, troublesome for its exceptions. However, previous studies have largely ignored mai
PMID 26085585

Japanese Journal

マカクザル,とくにニホンザルにおける島嶼効果 (特集哺乳動物の「島嶼効果」 : 日本列島からの証拠)

濱田穣
生物科学 66(1), 42-51, 2014-10
NAID 40020222219

Beckwith-Wiedemann症候群の臨床的研究:―インプリント遺伝子解析と臨床経過を中心として―

加藤大貴,井村英人,東元健,八木ひとみ,芝崎龍典,古川博雄,新美照幸,藤原久美子,鈴木聡,外山佳孝,南克浩,井上知佐子,早川統子,副島英伸,夏目長門
Journal of Japanese Cleft Palate Association 39(1), 21-27, 2014
Beckwith-Wiedemann症候群（BWS）は，新生児期の臍ヘルニア，巨舌，巨体を三主徴とする過成長を呈する症候群である。BWSの原因遺伝子座は11番染色体短腕15.5領域（11p15.5）であり，ゲノムインプリンティングが関与している。今回，われわれは，巨舌と構音障害を主訴に当科を初診し，言語訓練と歯科矯正治療は積極的な治療を行わず，経過観察を行ったBWS症例のインプリント遺伝子の解析を …
NAID 130004567685

Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release lanreotide (lanreotide Autogel) in Japanese patients with acromegaly or pituitary gigantism

SHIMATSU Akira,TERAMOTO Akira,HIZUKA Naomi,KITAI Kazuo,RAMIS Joaquim,CHIHARA Kazuo
Endocrine journal 60(5), 651-663, 2013-05-01
NAID 10031184533

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リンク元	「巨人症」「macrosomia」「giantism」
拡張検索	「exomphalos, macroglossia, gigantism症候群」

「巨人症」

Gigantism
	Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to have lived (2.72 metres or 8 feet 11 inches) with his father, Harold Wadlow (1.82 metres or 6 feet 0 inches)
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Endocrinology
ICD-10	E22.0, E34.4
ICD-9-CM	253.0
DiseasesDB	30730
MedlinePlus	001174
MeSH	D005877