gasoline

• ガソリン

関

diesel fuel、petrol

　

WordNet

1. a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines (同)gasolene, gas, petrol
2. gasoline treated with a lead compound to reduce motor knocks; "combustion of leaded gasoline released lead into the air where it could cause lead poisoning" (同)leaded petrol
3. gauge that indicates the amount of gasoline left in the gasoline tank of a vehicle (同)gasoline gage, gas gauge, gas gage, petrol gauge, petrol gage
4. a service station that sells gasoline (同)gas_station, filling_station, petrol station
5. gasoline that has not been treated with a lead compound (同)unleaded petrol

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. =gasoline
2. 『ガソリン』,揮発油(《英》petrol)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/28 13:41:58」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the fuel and industrial solvent. For other uses, see Gasoline (disambiguation).

"Petrol" redirects here. For other uses, see Petrol (disambiguation).

A jar containing gasoline

A gasoline station.

Gasoline /ˈɡæsəliːn/, or petrol /ˈpɛtrəl/, is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain ethanol as an alternative fuel. In North America, the term gasoline is often shortened in colloquial usage to gas. Elsewhere petrol is the common name in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia and in most of the other Commonwealth countries.

Octane rating

Main article: Octane rating

Spark ignition engines are designed to burn gasoline in a controlled process called deflagration. In some cases, however, the unburned mixture can autoignite (detonate from pressure and heat alone, rather than ignite from the spark plug at exactly the right time), which causes rapid pressure rise which can damage the engine. This phenomenon is often referred to as engine knocking or end-gas knock. One way to reduce knock in spark ignition engines is to increase the gasoline's resistance to autoignition, which is expressed by its octane rating.

Octane rating is measured relative to a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (an isomer of octane) and n-heptane. There are different conventions for expressing octane ratings, so a fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. Research octane number (RON) for commercially-available gasoline varies by country. In Finland, Sweden, and Norway, 95 RON is the standard for regular unleaded gasoline and 98 RON is also available as a more expensive option. In the UK, ordinary regular unleaded gasoline is 95 RON (not commonly available), premium unleaded gasoline is always 97 RON, and super unleaded is usually 97-98 RON. However, both Shell and BP produce fuel at 102 RON for cars with high-performance engines, and the supermarket chain Tesco began in 2006 to sell super unleaded gasoline rated at 99 RON. In the US, octane ratings in unleaded fuels can vary between 86 and 87 AKI (91-92 RON) for regular, through 89-90 AKI (94-95 RON) for mid-grade (European premium), up to 90-94 AKI (95-99 RON) for premium (European super).

The octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for aircraft engines in the late 1930s and the 1940s. A higher octane rating allows a higher compression ratio or supercharger boost, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher power output. Some scientists even predicted that a nation with a good supply of high octane gasoline would have the advantage in air power. In 1943, the Rolls Royce Merlin aero engine produced 1,320 horsepower (984 kW) using 100 RON fuel from a modest 27 liter displacement. Towards the end of the second world war, experiments were conducted using 150 RON fuel (100/150 avgas), obtained by adding 2.5% aniline to 100 octane avgas.

Stability

Quality gasoline should be stable almost indefinitely if stored properly. Such storage should be in an airtight container (to prevent oxidation or water vapors mixing), and which can withstand the vapor pressure of the gasoline without venting ( to prevent the loss of the more volatile fractions), and at a stable cool temperature (to reduce the excess pressure from liquid expansion, and to reduce the rate of any decomposition reactions). When gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may be created, which can corrode system components and accumulate on wetted surfaces, resulting in a condition called "stale fuel". Gasoline containing ethanol is especially subject to absorbing atmospheric moisture, then forming gums, solids, or two phases (a hydrocarbon phase floating on top of a water-alcohol phase).

The presence of these degradation products in fuel tank, lines, carburetor or fuel injection components makes it harder to start the engine, or causes reduced engine performance. On resumption of regular engine use, the buildup is often eventually cleaned out by the flow of fresh gasoline. The addition of a fuel stabilizer to gasoline can extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly. Some typical fuel stabilizers are proprietary mixtures containing mineral spirits, isopropyl alcohol, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,or other additives. Fuel stabilizer is commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, especially when their use is seasonal (low to no use for one or more seasons of the year). Users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor.

Energy content

Energy is obtained from the combustion of gasoline by the conversion of a hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water. The combustion of octane follows this reaction:

2 C₈H₁₈ + 25 O₂ → 16 CO₂ + 18 H₂O

gasoline contains about 42.4 MJ/kg (120 MJ/US gal, 11.8 kWh/kg) quoting the lower heating value. Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season and producer by up to 4% more or less than the average, according to the US EPA. On average, about 74 L of gasoline (19.5 US gal, 16.3 imp gal) are available from a barrel of crude oil (about 46% by volume), varying due to quality of crude and grade of gasoline. The remainder are products ranging from tar to naptha.

A high-octane-rated fuel, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has an overall lower power output at the typical 10:1 compression ratio of a gasoline engine. However, with an engine tuned to the use of LPG (i.e. via higher compression ratios, such as 12:1 instead of 10:1), this lower power output can be eliminated. This is because higher-octane fuels allow for a higher compression ratio without knocking, resulting in a higher cylinder temperature, which improves efficiency. Also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by a higher compression ratio through the concomitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. The higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high-pressure gas created by the combustion process. The applicable formula is . An Atkinson cycle engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of a high compression ratio. A high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of Diesel engines, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake air flow. A high compression ratio can be viewed as a necessary evil to have a high expansion ratio.^{[citation needed]}

The lower energy content (per liter) of LPG in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. Energy content per kilogram is higher than for gasoline (higher hydrogen to carbon ratio, for an example see Standard enthalpy of formation).

Density

The density of gasoline ranges from 0.71–0.77 kg/l (719.7 kg/m³ ; 0.026 lb/in³; 6.073 lb/US gal; 7.29 lb/imp gal), higher densities having a greater volume of aromatics. Gasoline floats on water; water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire, unless used in a fine mist.

Chemical analysis and production

A pumpjack in the United States

An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico

Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. Material separated from crude oil via distillation, called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet specifications for modern engines (particularly the octane rating, see below), but comprises part of the blend.

Some of the main components of gasoline: isooctane, butane, 3-ethyltoluene, and the octane enhancer MTBE.

The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between 4 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4-C12).

The various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams are:

• straight-run gasoline is distilled directly from crude oil. Once the leading source of fuel, its low octane rating required lead additives. It is low in aromatics (depending on the grade of crude oil), containing some cycloalkanes (naphthenes) and no olefins. About 0-20% of gasoline is derived from this material, in part because the supply of this fraction is insufficient and its RON is too low.
• reformate, produced in a catalytic reformer has a high octane rating with high aromatic content, and very low olefins (alkenes). Most of the benzene, toluene, and xylene (the so-called BTX) are more valuable as chemical feedstocks and are thus removed to some extent.
• cat cracked gasoline or cat cracked naphtha, produced from a catalytic cracker, with a moderate octane rating, high olefins (alkene) content, and moderate aromatics level.
• hydrocrackate (heavy, mid, and light) produced from a hydrocracker, with medium to low octane rating and moderate aromatic levels.
• alkylate is produced in an alkylation unit, involving the addition of isobutane to alkenes giving branched chains but low aromatics.
• isomerate is obtained by isomerizing low octane straight run gasoline to iso-parafins (like isooctane).

The terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry, but terminology varies.

Overall, a typical gasoline is predominantly a mixture of paraffins (alkanes), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), and olefins (alkenes). The actual ratio depends on:

• the oil refinery that makes the gasoline, as not all refineries have the same set of processing units;
• crude oil feed used by the refinery;
• the grade of gasoline, in particular, the octane rating.

Currently, many countries set limits on gasoline aromatics in general, benzene in particular, and olefin (alkene) content. Such regulations led to increasing preference for high octane pure paraffin (alkane) components, such as alkylate, and is forcing refineries to add processing units to reduce benzene content.

Gasoline can also contain other organic compounds, such as organic ethers (deliberately added), plus small levels of contaminants, in particular organosulfur compounds, but these are usually removed at the refinery.

Additives

See also: List of gasoline additives

Antiknock additives

A plastic container for storing gasoline used in Germany

Most countries have phased out leaded fuel. Different additives have replaced the lead compounds. The most popular additives include aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and alcohol (usually ethanol or methanol).

Tetraethyllead

Main article: Tetraethyllead

Gasoline, when used in high-compression internal combustion engines, tends to autoignite (detonate) causing damaging "engine knocking" (also called "pinging" or "pinking") noise. To address this problem, tetraethyllead (TEL) was widely adopted as an additive for gasoline in the 1920s. With the discovery of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by the lead, however, and the incompatibility of lead with catalytic converters, leaded gasoline was phased out beginning in 1973. By 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2000 short tons (1814 t) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996, the U.S. Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles. The use of TEL also necessitated other additives, such as dibromoethane.

MMT

Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used in Canada and in Australia to boost octane. It also helps old cars designed for leaded fuel run on unleaded fuel without need for additives to prevent valve problems. Its use in the US has been restricted by regulations.

Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivator)

Substituted phenols and derivatives of phenylenediamine are common antioxidants used to inhibit gum formation in gasoline (gasoline).

Gummy, sticky resin deposits result from oxidative degradation of gasoline upon long term storage. These harmful deposits arise from the oxidation of alkenes and other minor components in gasoline (see drying oils). Improvements in refinery techniques have generally reduced the susceptibility of gasolines to these problems. Previously, catalytically or thermally cracked gasolines are most susceptible to oxidation. The formation of these gums is accelerated by copper salts, which can be neutralized by additives call metal deactivators.

This degradation can be prevented through the addition of 5–100 ppm of antioxidants, such as phenylenediamines and other amines. Hydrocarbons with a bromine number of 10 or above can be protected with the combination of unhindered or partially hindered phenols and oil soluble strong amine bases, such as hindered phenols. "Stale" gasoline can be detected by a colorimetric enzymatic test for organic peroxides produced by oxidation of the gasoline.

Gasolines are also treated with metal deactivators, which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel.

Detergents

Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve combustion, and to allow easier starting in cold climates. High levels of detergent can be found in Top Tier Detergent Gasolines. These gasolines exceed the U.S. EPA's minimum requirement for detergent content.^{[citation needed]} The specification for Top Tier Detergent gasolines was developed by four automakers: GM, Honda, Toyota and BMW. According to the bulletin, the minimal EPA requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean. Typical detergents include alkylamines and alkyl phosphates at the level of 50-100 ppm.

Ethanol

European Union

In the EU, 5% ethanol can be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10% blending of ethanol (available in Finnish, French and German gas stations). In Finland most gasoline stations sell 95E10, which is 10% of ethanol; and 98E5, which is 5% ethanol. Most gasoline sold in Sweden has 5-15% ethanol added.

Brazil

In Brazil, the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have from 18 to 25% of ethanol added to its composition.

Australia

Legislation requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10% of petrol in Australia. Such petrol is commonly called E10 by major brands, and it is cheaper than regular unleaded petrol.

United States

The federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) effectively requires refiners and blenders to blend renewable biofuels (mostly ethanol) with gasoline, sufficient to meet a growing annual target of total gallons blended. Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining gasoline consumption has caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10%. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10% ethanol, an intentional disparity that reflects the varying actual percentage. Until late 2010, fuels retailers were only authorized to sell fuel containing up to 10 percent ethanol (E10), and most vehicle warranties (except for flexible fuel vehicles) authorize fuels that contain no more than 10 percent ethanol. In parts of the United States, ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component.

India

The Government of India in October 2007 decided to make 5% ethanol blending (with gasoline) mandatory. Discussions are ongoing to increase the blending of ethanol to 10%.

Dye

Main article: Fuel dyes

In Australia, the lowest grade of petrol (RON 91) is dyed a light shade of purple and the medium grade (RON 95) is dyed yellow.^{[citation needed]}

In South Africa, unleaded fuel is dyed green and lead-replacement fuel is dyed red.^{[citation needed]}

In the United States, aviation gasoline (avgas) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene-based jet fuel, which is clear.

In Canada and the United Kingdom gasoline for marine and farm use is dyed red and is not subject to road tax.

Oxygenate blending

Oxygenate blending adds oxygen-bearing compounds such as MTBE, ETBE and ethanol. The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the exhaust gas. In many areas throughout the US, oxygenate blending is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For example, in Southern California, fuel must contain 2% oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6% ethanol in gasoline. The resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline. The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had developed VOC-controlled RFG that did not need additional oxygen.

MTBE use is being phased out in some states due to issues with contamination of ground water. In some places, such as California, it is already banned. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, the ethanol-derived ETBE are common replacements. Since most ethanol is derived from biomass, such as corn, sugar cane or grain, it is referred to as bioethanol. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10% ethanol mixed with gasoline is called gasohol or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85% ethanol mixed with gasoline is called E85. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in Brazil, where the ethanol is derived from sugarcane. In 2004, over 3.4 billion US gallons (2.8 billion imp gal/13 million m³) of ethanol was produced in the United States for fuel use, mostly from corn, and E85 is slowly becoming available in much of the United States, though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to the general public. The use of bioethanol, either directly or indirectly by conversion of such ethanol to bio-ETBE, is encouraged by the European Union Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport. Since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves distillation, though, ordinary people in much of Europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol at present (unlike in the US, where getting a BATF distillation permit has been easy since the 1973 oil crisis).

Safety

HAZMAT Class 3 Gasoline

Environmental considerations

Combustion of 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of gasoline produces 8,788 grams (19.374 lb) of carbon dioxide (2.3 kg/l), a greenhouse gas.

The main concern with gasoline on the environment, aside from the complications of its extraction and refining, is the potential effect on the climate. Unburnt gasoline and evaporation from the tank, when in the atmosphere, react in sunlight to produce photochemical smog. Addition of ethanol increases the volatility of gasoline, potentially worsening the problem.

The chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as monitoring systems (Veeder-Root, Franklin Fueling).

Toxicity

The material safety data sheet for unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including benzene (up to 5% by volume), toluene (up to 35% by volume), naphthalene (up to 1% by volume), trimethylbenzene (up to 7% by volume), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (up to 18% by volume, in some states) and about ten others. Hydrocarbons in gasoline generally exhibit low acute toxicities, with LD50 of 700 – 2700 mg/kg for simple aromatic compounds. Benzene and many antiknocking additives are carcinogenic.

Inhalation

Huffed gasoline is a common intoxicant that has become epidemic in some poorer communities and indigenous groups in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and some Pacific Islands. In response, Opal fuel has been developed by the BP Kwinana Refinery in Australia, and contains only 5% aromatics (unlike the usual 25%), which weakens the effects of inhalation.

Flammability

Uncontrolled burning of gasoline produces large quantities of soot.

Like other alkanes, gasoline burns in a limited range of its vapor phase and, coupled with its volatility, this makes leaks highly dangerous when sources of ignition are present. Gasoline has a lower explosion limit of 1.4% by volume and an upper explosion limit of 7.6%. If the concentration is below 1.4%, the air-gasoline mixture is too lean and does not ignite. If the concentration is above 7.6%, the mixture is too rich and also does not ignite. However, gasoline vapor rapidly mixes and spreads with air, making unconstrained gasoline quickly flammable. Many accidents involve people using gasoline to start bonfires. The gasoline readily vaporizes and mixes with surrounding air.^{[citation needed]}

Usage and pricing

Main articles: gasoline usage and pricing and Peak oil

UK gasoline prices

The United States accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption. In 2003 The US consumed 476.474 gigalitres (1.25871×10¹¹ US gal; 1.04810×10¹¹ imp gal), which equates to 1.3 gigaliters of gasoline each day (about 360 million US or 300 million imperial gallons). The US used about 510 billion liters (138 billion US gal/115 billion imp gal) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5.6% was mid-grade and 9.5% was premium grade.

Western countries have the highest usage rates per person.^{[citation needed]}

Europe

Unlike the US, countries in Europe impose substantial taxes on fuels such as gasoline. The price of gasoline in Europe is typically more than twice that in the US. In Italy, due to the amendments imposed by Monti's Government in December 2011, the price of gasoline has passed, in the period of two weeks, from 1.50 €/l (7.48 US$/gal) to 1.75 €/l (8.72 US$/gal); on March, 17th, in a gasoline Station located near Ancona, has reached the psychological threshold of 2 €/l: the price was € 2.001/l (9.97 US$/gal). This chart must be compared to the USA national average price of gasoline of 0.71 €/l .

Pump price (in Euro/liter) 2004 to 2012 lead-free 95 Octane gasoline in selected European countries. To convert prices for Euro/liter to US$/gal, multiply by 4.985 (19 March 2012 US$1.317 = 1.00 Euro).

Country	Dec. 2004	May 2005	July 2007	April 2008	Jan 2009	Mar 2010	Feb 2011	Jan 2012	Feb 2012	Mar 2012	May 2012
Germany	1.19	1.18	1.37	1.43	1.09	1.35	1.50
France	1.05	1.15	1.31	1.38	1.07	1.35	1.53
Italy	1.10	1.23	1.35	1.39	1.10	1.34	1.46	1.75	1.78	1.88	1.82
Netherlands	1.26	1.33	1.51	1.56	1.25	1.54	1.66	1.72
Poland	0.80	0.92	1.15	1.23	0.82	1.12	1.26
Switzerland	0.92	0.98	1.06	1.14	0.88	1.12	1.29	1.40	1.47
Hungary	1.00	1.01	1.13	1.13	0.86	1.22	1.32	1.38	1.44	1.47	1.55

United States

From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline fluctuated between $1 and $2 USD per U.S. gallon. After 2004, the price increased until the average gas price reached a high of $4.11 per U.S. gallon in mid-2008, but receded to approximately $2.60 per U.S. gallon by September 2009. More recently, the U.S. experienced an upswing in gas prices through 2011, and by 1 March 2012, the national average was $3.74 per gal. This has be a subject of war and fights. People should lower gas prices beacasue the sales would go up approximately 35%.

In the United States, most consumer goods bear pre-tax prices, but gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. Taxes are added by federal, state, and local governments. As of 2009, the federal tax is 18.4¢ per gallon for gasoline and 24.4¢ per gallon for diesel (excluding red diesel). Among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, including the federal taxes as of 2005, are New York (62.9¢/gal), Hawaii (60.1¢/gal), and California (60¢/gal). However, many states' taxes are a percentage and thus vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline.

About 9% of all gasoline sold in the US in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. Consumer Reports magazine says, “If [your owner’s manual] says to use regular fuel, do so—there’s no advantage to a higher grade.” The Associated Press said premium gas—which is a higher octane and costs more per gallon than regular unleaded—should be used only if the manufacturer says it is “required”. Cars with turbocharged engines and high compression ratios often specify premium gas because higher octane fuels reduce the incidence of "knock", or fuel pre-detonation. If regular fuel is used, the engine computer usually switches to a less aggressive fuel map to protect the engine, and performance is decreased.

History

The first automotive combustion engines, so-called Otto engines, were developed in the last quarter of the 19th century in Germany. The fuel was a relatively volatile hydrocarbon obtained from coal gas. With a boiling point near 85 °C (octanes boil about 40 °C higher), it was well suited for early carburetors (evaporators). The development of a "spray nozzle" carburetor enabled the use of less volatile fuels. Further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher compression ratios, but early attempts were blocked by knocking (premature explosion of fuel). In the 1920s, antiknock compounds were introduced by Migley and Boyd, specifically tetraethyllead (TEL). This innovation started a cycle of improvements in fuel efficiency that coincided with the large-scale development of oil refining to provide more products in the boiling range of gasolines. In the 1950s oil refineries started to focus on high octane fuels, and then detergents were added to gasoline to clean the jets and carburetors. The 1970s witnessed greater attention to the environmental consequences of burning gasoline. These considerations led to the phasing out of TEL and its replacement by other antiknock compounds. Subsequently, low-sulfur gasoline was introduced, in part to preserve the catalysts in modern exhaust systems.

Etymology and terminology

"Gasoline" is cited (under the spelling "gasolene") from 1863 in the Oxford English Dictionary. It was never a trademark, although it may have been derived from older trademarks such as "Cazeline" and "Gazeline".

Variant spellings of "gasoline" have been used to refer to raw petroleum since the 16th century. "Petrol" was first used as the name of a refined petroleum product around 1870 by British wholesaler Carless, Capel & Leonard, who marketed it as a solvent. When the product later found a new use as a motor fuel, Frederick Simms, an associate of Gottlieb Daimler, suggested to Carless that they register the trade mark "petrol", but by this time the word was already in general use, possibly inspired by the French pétrole, and the registration was not allowed. Carless registered a number of alternative names for the product, while their competitors used the term "motor spirit" until the 1930s.

In many countries, gasoline has a colloquial name derived from that of the chemical benzene (e.g., German Benzin, Dutch benzine, Italian benzina, Chile bencina, Thai เบนซิน bayn sin , Greek βενζίνη venzini, Romanian benzină). Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay use the colloquial name nafta derived from that of the chemical naphtha.

The terms "mogas", short for motor gasoline, or "autogas", short for automobile gasoline, are used to distinguish automobile fuel from aviation fuel, or "avgas". In British English, gasoline can refer to a different petroleum derivative historically used in lamps, but this usage is relatively uncommon.^{[citation needed]}

Comparison with other fuels

See also: Energy_content_of_biofuel

Volumetric and mass energy density of some fuels compared with gasoline (in the rows with gross and net, they are from):

Fuel type	Gross MJ/L	MJ/kg	Gross BTU/gal (imp)	Gross BTU/gal (U.S.)	Net BTU/gal (U.S.)	RON
Conventional gasoline	34.8	44.4	150,100	125,000	115,400	91-92
Autogas (LPG) (Consisting mostly of C2 to C4 range hydrocarbons)[citation needed]	26.8	46				108
Ethanol	21.2	26.8	101,600	84,600	75,700	108.7
Methanol	17.9	19.9	77,600	64,600	56,600	123
Butanol	29.2	36.6				91-99
Gasohol	31.2		145,200	120,900	112,400	93/94
Diesel(*)	38.6	45.4	166,600	138,700	128,700	25
Biodiesel	33.3-35.7			126,200	117,100
Avgas (high octane gasoline)	33.5	46.8	144,400	120,200	112,000
Jet fuel (kerosene based)	35.1	43.8	151,242	125,935
Jet fuel (naphtha)				127,500	118,700
Liquefied natural gas	25.3	~55	109,000	90,800
Liquefied petroleum gas				91,300	83,500
Hydrogen	10.1 (at 20 kelvin)	142			130

(*) Diesel fuel is not used in a gasoline engine, so its low octane rating is not an issue; the relevant metric for diesel engines is the cetane number

See also

• Aftermarket fuel economy device
• Aviation fuel
• Biobutanol – replacement fuel for use in unmodified gasoline engines
• Filling station
• Fuel dispenser
• Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing
• Gasoline gallon equivalent
• Internal combustion engine (ICE)
• Jerrycan
• List of automotive fuel brands
• Natural-gas condensate#Drip gas
• Octane rating
• Oil price increases since 2003

Notes

References

• Graph of inflation-corrected historic prices, 1970–2005. Highest in 2005
• The Low-Down on High Octane Gasoline
• MMT-US EPA
• An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.
• What's the difference between premium and regular gas? (from The Straight Dope)
• "Here Comes Winter Gasoline" R-Squared Energy Blog 14 September 2006
• International Fuel Prices 2005 with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries
• EIA — Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update
• World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for Another Government Handout", April 2006.
• Durability of various plastics: Alcohols vs. Gasoline
• Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural petroleum.
• Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG i.e. reformulated gasoline. Has lower heating value data, actual energy content is higher see higher heating value

External links

• EFOA
• CNN/Money: Global gas prices
• EEP: European gas prices
• Transportation Energy Data Book
• Energy Supply Logistics Searchable Directory of US Terminals
• 2011 NACS Annual Fuels Report
• Definition of basic terms, Graphs of Gas prices. all in Slovak language
• Gasoline from Vinegar | MIT Technology Review
• High octane fuel, leaded and LRP gasoline — article from robotpig.net
• CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Images

• Down the Gasoline Trail Handy Jam Organization, 1935 (Cartoon)

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• PMID 27219504

• Benzo[ghi]perylene activates the AHR pathway to exert biological effects on the NL-20 human bronchial cell line.

• Zaragoza-Ojeda M1, Eguía-Aguilar P2, Perezpeña-Díazconti M3, Arenas-Huertero F4.
• Toxicology letters.Toxicol Lett.2016 Aug 10;256:64-76. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.023. Epub 2016 May 24.
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are produced by incomplete combustion of organic material. In the Mexico City atmosphere, the most abundant PAH is benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), a gasoline combustion marker. At present, there are no reports of the effects of BghiP on human bronchial cells, so th
• PMID 27234499

• In vitro exposure of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (Chlorophyta) to gasoline - Biochemical and morphological alterations.

• Pilatti FK1, Ramlov F2, Schmidt EC3, Kreusch M3, Pereira DT3, Costa C4, de Oliveira ER5, Bauer CM5, Rocha M4, Bouzon ZL3, Maraschin M5.
• Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2016 Aug;156:428-37. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.126. Epub 2016 May 15.
• Refined fuels have considerable share of pollution of marine ecosystems. Gasoline is one of the most consumed fuel worldwide, but its effects on marine benthic primary producers are poorly investigated. In this study, Ulva lactuca was chosen as a biological model due to its cosmopolitan nature and t
• PMID 27192480

Japanese Journal

• Rapid Analysis of Gasoline-Contaminated Soil Using Multiphoton Ionization/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

• UCHIMURA Tomohiro,HIRONAKA Yuki,MORI Misako
• Analytical Sciences 29(1), 85-88, 2013-01
• NAID 40019554096

• ガソリンエンジン内の予混合気形成に対する燃料組成の影響 : 高速ガスサンプリング装置を用いた気筒内混合気の分析

• 尾山 宏次,柴田 元,仲野 誠一 [他]
• Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 56(1), 32-43, 2013-01
• NAID 40019543093

• 三菱内燃機・三菱航空機のV及びW型ガソリン航空発動機(5/6)ルノー,イスパノ・スイザ,ユンカース,93式,W型

• 坂上 茂樹
• 経済学雑誌 113(3), 42-82, 2012-12
• NAID 40019549576

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ガソリン」「diesel fuel」「petrol」

「ガソリン」

　　[★]

英

gasoline、((英))petrol

関

ディーゼル燃料

「diesel fuel」

　　[★]

• ディーゼル燃料

関

gasoline

「petrol」

　　[★]

ガソリン

関

gasoline