galactomannan

(多糖マンナンにガラクトースが結合した水溶性食物繊維)ラクトマンナン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/08 11:21:43」(JST)

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A segment of galactomannan showing mannose backbone (below) with a branching galactose unit (top)

Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups (more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branchpoints from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose).

In order of increasing number of mannose-to-galactose ratio:

fenugreek gum, mannose:galactose ~1:1
guar gum, mannose:galactose ~2:1
tara gum, mannose:galactose ~3:1
locust bean gum or carob gum, mannose:galactose ~4:1

Galactomannans are often used in food products to increase the viscosity of the water phase.

Guar gum has been used to add viscosity to artificial tears, but is not as stable as carboxymethylcellulose.^[1]

Food use

Galactomannans are used in foods as stabilisers. Guar and Locust Bean Gum (LBG) are commonly used in ice cream to improve texture and reduce ice cream meltdown. LBG is also used extensively in cream cheese, fruit preparations and salad dressings. Tara gum is seeing growing acceptability as a food ingredient but is still used to a much lesser extent than guar or LBG. Guar has the highest usage in foods, largely due to its low and stable price. Article on LBG

Clinical use

Galactomannan is a component of the cell wall of the mold Aspergillus^[2] and is released during growth. Detection of galactomannan in blood is used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis infections in humans. This is performed with monoclonal antibodies in a double-sandwich ELISA; this assay from Bio-Rad Laboratories was approved by the FDA in 2003 and is of moderate accuracy.^[3] The assay is most useful in patients who have had hemopoetic cell transplants (stem cell transplants). False positive Aspergillus Galactomannan test have been found in patients on intravenous treatment with some antibiotics or fluids containing gluconate or citric acid such as some transfussion platelets, parenteral nutrition or PlasmaLyte

References

^ http://abstracts.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/5/3893
^ Bart-Delabesse E, Basile M, Al Jijakli A et al. (October 2005). "Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia to determine biological and clinical implications of beta-lactam treatments". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (10): 5214–20. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.10.5214-5220.2005. PMC 1248458. PMID 16207986.
^ Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N (2006). "Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis". Clin Infect Dis 42 (10): 1417–27. doi:10.1086/503427. PMID 16619154.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 侵襲性アスペルギルス症の診断 diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis
2. 血液悪性腫瘍を有する成人における侵襲性真菌感染症予防 prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in adults with hematologic malignancies
3. 好中球減少時に発熱がある成人に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to the adult presenting with neutropenic fever
4. 侵襲性アスペルギルス症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of invasive aspergillosis
5. 成人造血細胞移植レシピエントにおける侵襲性真菌感染症予防 prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in adult hematopoietic cell transplant recipients

English Journal

Pulmonary fungal infections in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: is it the time to revise the radiological diagnostic criteria?

Maccioni F1, Vetere S1, De Felice C1, Al Ansari N1, Micozzi A2, Gentile G2, Foà R2, Girmenia C2.
Mycoses.Mycoses.2016 Jun;59(6):357-64. doi: 10.1111/myc.12480. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
The definition of pulmonary fungal infections (PFI) according to the EORTC-MSG criteria may lack diagnostic sensitivity due to the possible presentation of PFI with different radiological pictures. We evaluated the hypothesis to apply less restrictive radiological criteria to define PFI in patients
PMID 26865204

Does galactomannan testing increase diagnostic accuracy for IPA in the ICU? A prospective observational study.

Schroeder M1, Simon M2, Katchanov J1, Wijaya C1, Rohde H3, Christner M3, Laqmani A4, Wichmann D1, Fuhrmann V1, Kluge S5.
Critical care (London, England).Crit Care.2016 May 10;20(1):139. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1326-1.
BACKGROUND: An algorithm for distinguishing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in critically ill patients (AspICU) has been proposed but not tested.METHODS: This was a prospective observational study applying the AspICU protocol to patients with positive Aspergillus culture (PAC group) and those
PMID 27160692

Analysis of peritoneal galactomannan for the diagnosis of Aspergillus peritonitis.

Dichtl K1, Wagener J2, Tschöp J3, Ney L3.
Infection.Infection.2016 May 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Here, we report a patient developing a postoperative peritoneal infection by Aspergillus fumigatus. While galactomannan serum levels were negative throughout the time course, galactomannan levels in peritoneal fluids yielded high results. Serological testing of peritoneal fluids for fungal antigens
PMID 27160571

Japanese Journal

スギ花粉症に対する新規経口免疫療法の安全性と有効性 (特集日本発アレルギー研究最新情報) -- (喘息・鼻炎)

小児科診療 79(10), 1343-1347, 2016-10
NAID 40020962805

好酸球性多発血管炎性肉芽腫症に合併した潰瘍性アスペルギルス気管気管支炎

気管支学 38(3), 212-217, 2016
NAID 130005156621

血液領域における侵襲性アスペルギルス症

Medical Mycology Journal 57(2), J77-J88, 2016
NAID 130005155856

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