freak

　 　

WordNet

1. a person or animal that is markedly unusual or deformed (同)monster, monstrosity, lusus naturae
2. characteristic of a freak; "a freakish extra toe"
3. addict who habitually uses stimulant drugs (especially amphetamines)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 気まぐれ,移り気 / 奇形,変態 / 《話》奇人,変人;熱狂的ファン / 奇形の,異常な
2. 気まぐれな;奇形の
3. 〈U〉(薬による)幻覚状態,陶酔 / 〈C〉幻覚剤でふらふらになった人
4. 奇形児,奇形物;造化のいたずら

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/02 01:45:52」(JST)

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This article is about the modern definition. For other uses, see Freak (disambiguation).

"Freakish" redirects here. For other uses, see Freakish (disambiguation).

In current usage, the word "freak" is commonly used to refer to a person with something strikingly unusual about their appearance or behaviour. This usage dates from the so-called freak scene of the 1960s and 1970s.

Julia Pastrana, a woman of unusual appearance

An older usage refers to the physically deformed, or having extraordinary diseases and conditions, such as sideshow performers. This has fallen into disuse, except as a pejorative, and (among the performers of such shows) as jargon. "Freaks" of this kind can be classified into two groups: natural freaks and made freaks. A natural freak would usually refer to a genetic abnormality, while a made freak is a once normal person who experienced or initiated an alteration at some point in life (such as receiving surgical implants).

"Freak" continues to be used to describe genetic mutations in plants and animals, i.e. "freaks of nature." "Freak" can also be used in a verb form, and can mean: "to become stressed and upset". Usually, in this form, the word is followed by "out" to complete the phrase, "freaking out". However, this meaning and usage is usually considered slang. Adjectival forms include "freakish" as well as "freaky." The verb "freaking" (or, "freaking out") means "engaging in panicked or uncontrolled behavior"—for example, as the result of psychedelic drug use. "Freaking" may also be a minced oath used in place of "fucking," e.g. "Oh my freaking God!" The word is a homophone of "phreak" (referring to the illegal hacking of telephone systems), which it probably inspired.

'Freak' can also be seen being used as a surname, derived from French and Scottish heritage. Meaning, through interpretation 'keeper of the plains', the name is rarely seen but exists in some numbers. A notable carrier of the surname 'Freak' is Reece Freak, noted philanthropist and industrialist of Adelaide, South Australia.

It is also a term commonly used by African Americans in their music to refer to a woman who is willing to engage in casual sexual activity.

History

In early science, there were many theories concerning the existence of natural abnormalities. Many of the theories led to pseudo-sciences that are still adhered to by some. One persistent pre-19th century superstition is that, if a pregnant woman is scared by someone or something, the child would be born with the quality that caused the fear. (The widely accepted scientific theory regarding inherent qualities is that of mutation).

In some religions since ancient times, the birth of abnormal offspring has been associated with astrological or supernatural events. Karma is also believed in some eastern religions to be a cause of abnormalities. In other faiths, the cause is attributed to direct intervention by the will of God. In ancient Roman religion, for instance, biological abnormalities of animals and humans were monstra ("monsters"), and regarded as evidence of divine displeasure or discord in the cosmos.

Modern examples

Frank Zappa and the freak subculture

Main article: Freak scene

In the United States of the 1960s, especially during the heyday of the hippie counterculture on the west coast, many teens and young adults that were disillusioned with the austere confines of the postwar, suburbanite American way of life, and the resultant countercultural and New Left movements defined themselves as "freaks". American musician and composer Frank Zappa and his band The Mothers of Invention were central to the freak scene in the mid to late 1960s, both in the Los Angeles/San Francisco Bay Area music scene and in New York City, where the band had a now infamous residency at the Garrick Theatre.

'"On a personal level", wrote Zappa, "Freaking out is a process whereby an individual casts off outmoded and restricted standards of thinking, dress and social etiquette in order to express CREATIVELY his relationship to his environment and the social structure as a whole"'.

The freaks, by Zappa's reckoning, resisted the binaries of right versus left, dominant culture versus counterculture, or squares versus hippies, preferring instead to align themselves with an aesthetic not narrowly defined by fashion or political leanings. The concept also allowed The Mothers to celebrate the freak identity, which until then was used to describe perversions of nature or carnivalesque sideshows. 'Bearded and gross and filthy, entirely obscene, they...were freaks. They were meant to be. They were playing the same old game again, épater la bourgeoisie, but this time round it wasn't called Dada or Existentialism or Beat, it was Freak-Out'.

Zappa also used images from the film Freaks [1932] directed by Tod Browning on one of his album sleeves Tinseltown Rebellion as it was a source of inspiration to him in his dichotomic vision of Freaks versus Hippies.

At the first Mothers of Invention concerts, audience members were invited to "freak out!" (also the title of the band's first album), which meant to express themselves freely, be it through dancing, screaming, or letting a band member spray them with whipped cream. In terms of concert culture, the freak mentality influenced similar bands of subsequent musical generations.

The freaks, with their aggressively anti-social stance, came in for much criticism, not only from conventional culture but from within the counterculture itself, for their 'pretext of a theoretically total but actually quite false revolt against the "conventional lies of civilization"'. John Lennon sang how '"freaks on the phone won't leave me alone"', explaining how he was 'sick of all these aggressive hippies or whatever they are, the Now Generation...demanding my attention as if I owed them something...under a delusion of awareness by having long hair and that's what I'm sick of'. Dylan also suffered from 'Dylan freaks...once more trying to force him to live up to their concept of what he should be'. In a not atypical exchange, he'd be told '"you've got to live up to your responsibility as a culture hero – you're DYLAN, man, every freak has a soft spot in their heart for ya...you're DYLAN, DYLAN, DYLAN."' only for him to reply '"I'm not Dylan, you're Dylan"'.

Freak subculture may also be linked to Jerry Rubin's 'Filthy Speech Movement'.

See also

• Control freak
• Freak show
• Freak out (disambiguation)

English Journal

• The big freak out: educator fear in response to the presence of transgender elementary school students.

• Payne E1, Smith M.Author information 1a The Queering Education Research Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse , New York , USA.AbstractIncreased visibility of transgender children requires elementary school professionals to take on issues of gender diversity, sex and sexuality, which are considered taboo in elementary school spaces. School professionals who have worked with transgender children were interviewed about their experience with these students, perceptions of their school's success in supporting them, and recommendations for information and resources needed by schools to provide support. Findings indicate that fear and anxiety are common educator responses to the presence of a transgender child and the disruption of the gender binary, and these emotions are limiting the possibilities for schools to affirm transgender identity.
• Journal of homosexuality.J Homosex.2014 Mar;61(3):399-418. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2013.842430.
• Increased visibility of transgender children requires elementary school professionals to take on issues of gender diversity, sex and sexuality, which are considered taboo in elementary school spaces. School professionals who have worked with transgender children were interviewed about their experien
• PMID 24397377

• How to freak a Black & Mild: a multi-study analysis of YouTube videos illustrating cigar product modification.

• Nasim A1, Blank MD, Cobb CO, Berry BM, Kennedy MG, Eissenberg T.Author information 1Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA and Department of Social and Behavioral Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.AbstractCigar smoking is increasingly common among adolescents who perceive cigars as less harmful than cigarettes. This perception of reduced harm is especially true for cigars that are user-modified by removing the tobacco binder through a process called 'freaking'. Little is known about 'freaking' and this multi-study, mixed-methods analysis sought to understand better the rationale and prevailing beliefs about this smoking practice using YouTube videos. In Study 1, we conducted a descriptive content analysis on the characteristics of 26 randomly sampled cigar product modification (CPM) videos posted during 2006-10. In Study 2, a thematic analysis was performed on the transcripts of commentary associated with each video to characterize viewers' comments about video content. Study 1 results revealed that 90% of videos illustrated a four-step CPM technique: 'Loosening the tobacco'; 'Dumping the tobacco'; 'Removing the cigar binder' and 'Repacking the tobacco'. Four themes related to the purpose of CPM were also derived from video content: 'Easier to smoke' (54%), 'Beliefs in reduction of health risks' (31%), 'Changing the burn rate' (15%) and 'Taste enhancement' (12%). Study 2 results concerning the content characteristics of video comments were categorized into three themes: 'Disseminating information/answering questions' (81%), 'Seeking advice/asking questions' (69%) and 'Learning cigar modification techniques' (35%). Favorable comments were more common (81%) compared to unfavorable (58%) and comment content suggested low-risk perceptions and poor understanding of smoking harms. These findings highlight a novel means for youth to access information concerning CPM that may have important implications for tobacco control policy and prevention.
• Health education research.Health Educ Res.2014 Feb;29(1):41-57. doi: 10.1093/her/cyt102. Epub 2013 Oct 26.
• Cigar smoking is increasingly common among adolescents who perceive cigars as less harmful than cigarettes. This perception of reduced harm is especially true for cigars that are user-modified by removing the tobacco binder through a process called 'freaking'. Little is known about 'freaking' and th
• PMID 24162926

• Upside-down death - the pathophysiology of inversion.

• Andrews K.Author information Medlab Central, Palmerston North, New Zealand.AbstractHistorically, deaths occurring in a head-down position were generally associated with inverted suspension inflicted upon the victim as a form of torture. In the current day, deaths occurring due to an inverted body position are rare and are usually the result of freak accidents which often attract media attention due to the unusual nature of the death. Occasionally an element of inverted suspension is present in deaths occurring in motor vehicle incidents when the vehicle rolls, coming to rest on its roof with the unconscious victim left suspended upside-down by the seat belt. Human physiology has evolved to work in combination with gravity and the effects of hanging upside down for prolonged periods are poorly understood. I will review deaths associated with the head-down position and the underlying pathophysiology of inversion leading to death.
• Pathology.Pathology.2014 Feb;46 Suppl 1:S19. doi: 10.1097/PAT.0000000000000056.
• Historically, deaths occurring in a head-down position were generally associated with inverted suspension inflicted upon the victim as a form of torture. In the current day, deaths occurring due to an inverted body position are rare and are usually the result of freak accidents which often attract m
• PMID 24557218

Japanese Journal

• 運動大好き!やまぐちっ子体操 : 「運動プログラム」とその音楽

• 山口芸術短期大学研究紀要 = Bulletin of researchs Yamaguchi College of Arts 48, 17-39, 2016
• NAID 40020822122

• OS0909-388 負荷履歴を考慮した複合荷重下における切欠付ステンレス鋼配管の塑性崩壊強度評価

• M&M材料力学カンファレンス 2015, "OS0909-388-1"-"OS0909-388-2", 2015-11-21
• NAID 110010053525

• 観光地における虚構性の研究 : 観光社会学からみた観光地の「本物」「ニセモノ」論

• 彦根論叢 (第405号), 76-90, 2015-09
• NAID 120005653376

Related Links

• アウトドア用品のプロショップ 大垣市・岐阜市のFREAK

岐阜県岐阜市と大垣市に2店舗を構えるFREAK。スノボー・スケートボード・パドルボード・自転車等のスポーツ用品の販売をしております。スタッフ一同ご来店をお待ちしております！

• FREAK Official Website - avex portal（エイベックス・ポータル）

FREAKの公式サイト。最新情報、LIVE情報、twitter,facebook,blog更新情報など。 ... 2015/07/24 | NEWS 【台風に伴うイベント中止のお知らせ】7/26「観光と物産まつり 玄海町花火大会」

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