関: plaice、Pleuronectes platessa

WordNet

behave awkwardly; have difficulties; "She is floundering in college"
any of various European and non-European marine flatfish
flesh of any of various American and European flatfish
large European food fish (同)Pleuronectes_platessa
flesh of large European flatfish
important American food fish in the winter (同)blackback flounder, lemon_sole, Pseudopleuronectes americanus
flounders with both eyes on the right side of the head (同)righteyed flounder
flounder of eastern coast of North America (同)Paralichthys dentatus
flounder of southern United States (同)Paralichthys lethostigmus
American flounder having a yellowish tail (同)Limanda ferruginea

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/27 14:01:11」(JST)

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Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Flowery flounder, Bothus mancus,

Bahía de la Chiva, at Hawaii

Flounders are a group of flatfish species. They are demersal fish found at the bottom of oceans around the world; some species will also enter estuaries.

Taxonomy

The name flounder is used for several only distantly related species, though all are in the suborder Pleuronectoidei (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae and Samaridae). Some of the better known species that are important in fisheries are:

Western Atlantic
- Gulf flounder - Paralichthys albigutta
- Southern flounder - Paralichthys lethostigma
- Summer flounder (also known as fluke) - Paralichthys dentatus
- Winter flounder - Pseudopleuronectes americanus

European waters
- European flounder - Platichthys flesus

Northwestern Pacific
- Olive flounder - Paralichthys olivaceus

Eye migration

In its life cycle, an adult flounder has two eyes situated on one side of its head, while at hatching one eye is located on each side of its brain. One eye migrates to the other side of the body as a process of metamorphosis as it grows from larval to juvenile stage. As an adult, a flounder changes its habits and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor as protection against predators.^[1] As a result, the eyes are then on the side which faces up. The side to which the eyes migrate is dependent on the species type.

Habitat

Flounders ambush their prey, feeding at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs.

A flounder's diet consists mainly of fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish. Flounder typically grow to a length of 22–60 centimeters (8.7–23.6 in), and as large as 95 centimeters (37 in). Their width is about half their length. Male Platichthys are known to display a pioneering spirit, and have been found up to 80 miles off the coast of northern Sardinia, sometimes with heavy encrustations of various species of barnacle.

Threats

A flounder blending into its environment

World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish, such as sole and flounder, were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry.^[2]^[3]^[4] Current estimates suggest that approximately 30 million flounder (excluding sole) are alive in the world today. In the Gulf of Mexico, along the coast of Texas, research indicates the flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution.^{[citation needed]}

According to Seafood Watch, Atlantic flounders and soles are currently on the list of seafood that sustainability-minded consumers should avoid.^[5]

References

^ Fairchild, E.A. and Howell, W.H, E. A.; Howell, W. H. (2004). "Factors affecting the post-release survival of cultured juvenile Pseudopleuronectes americanus" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 65 (Supplementary A): 69–87. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00529.x. July 17, 2004. Accessed 2009-06-08.
^ Charles Clover (2008). The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25505-0. OCLC 67383509.
^ Myers, R. A.; Worm, B. (2003). "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities". Nature 423 (6937): 280–283. doi:10.1038/nature01610. PMID 12748640.
^ "Dalton, Rex. 2006. "Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse."". BioEd Online. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
^ "Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - All Seafood List". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 2008-04-17.

External links

Common names containing "flounder" at FishBase
Video of a Fresh Water Flounder on YouTube

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, and withdrawal period of amoxicillin sodium in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Park JY1, Awji EG2, Suh JW3, Park SC1.
Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.Xenobiotica.2016 Jun;46(6):522-9. doi: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1089453. Epub 2015 Sep 25.
1. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and withdrawal period of amoxicillin sodium in olive flounder and its activity against pathogenic bacteria of olive flounder were investigated. 2. Intramuscular administration (12.5 or 125 mg/kg, n = 160) and HPLC analysis of sera were used. 3. Rapid absorpti
PMID 26407038

Measuring intestinal fluid transport in vitro: Gravimetric method versus non-absorbable marker.

Whittamore JM1, Genz J2, Grosell M3, Wilson RW4.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2016 Apr;194:27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.004. Epub 2016 Jan 12.
The gut sac is a long-standing, widely used in vitro preparation for studying solute and water transport, and calculation of these fluxes requires an accurate assessment of volume. This is commonly determined gravimetrically by measuring the change in mass over time. While convenient this likely und
PMID 26794612

The effects of temperature on ovarian aromatase (cyp19a1a) expression and sex differentiation in summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus).

Caruso CC1, Breton TS1,2, Berlinsky DL3.
Fish physiology and biochemistry.Fish Physiol Biochem.2016 Apr;42(2):795-805. doi: 10.1007/s10695-015-0176-0. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
Female summer flounder grow considerably faster and larger than males, and a tremendous increase in performance can therefore be realized through production of monosex female populations. Rearing temperature has been shown to affect sex differentiation in other teleost species by influencing express
PMID 26643906

Insights into Trx1, TRP14, and Prx1 homologs of Paralichthys olivaceus: molecular profiles and transcriptional responses to immune stimulations.

Yuan J1, Jiang J1, Jiang L1, Yang F1, Chen Y1, He Y2, Zhang Q1.
Fish physiology and biochemistry.Fish Physiol Biochem.2016 Apr;42(2):547-61. doi: 10.1007/s10695-015-0158-2. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
Thioredoxin (Trx) proteins are involved in several cellular processes, such as anti-oxidative stress and cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we isolated the full-length cDNAs of PoTrx1 and PoTRP14 from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). PoTrx1 is 723 bp in length, with a 366-bp open
PMID 26559691

Japanese Journal

Pathogenicity comparison of high- and low-virulence strains of Vibrio scophthalmi in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Qiao Guo,Jang In-Kwon,Won Kyoung Mi [他]
Fisheries science 79(1), 99-109, 2013-01
NAID 40019552307

Bottom feeding and net chasing improve foraging behavior in hatchery-reared Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus juveniles for stocking

Takahashi Kohji,Masuda Reiji,Yamashita Yoh
Fisheries science 79(1), 55-60, 2013-01
NAID 40019552256

Identifying spawning events in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus from depth time-series data

Yasuda Tohya,Katsumata Hiroko,Kawabe Ryo,Nakatsuka Naoyuki,Kurita Yutaka
Journal of Sea Research 75, 33-40, 2013-01
… Vertical swimming events (VSEs) of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, recorded by high-frequency depth data loggers, were analysed to identify spawning events. …
NAID 120004205045