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100 fen equal 1 yuan in China
a terrorist organization in Colombia formed in 1997 as an umbrella for local and regional paramilitary groups; is financed by earnings from narcotics and serves to protect the economic interests of its members; "the AUC conducted over 800 assassinations i (同)United Self-Defense Group of Colombia, Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, AUC
the major Protestant paramilitary group in Northern Ireland; responsible for bombing the homes of Catholics and for criminal racketeering and selling drugs (同)UDA
rail fence consisting of a zigzag of interlocking rails (同)snake fence, snake-rail fence, Virginia fence
common western lizard; seen on logs or rocks (同)swift, blue-belly, Sceloporus occidentalis
a yellow to orange or brown mineral used as a molybdenum ore
try to manage without help; "The youngsters had to fend for themselves after their parents died"

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沼地,沼沢地,湿地帯
…‘を'避ける / 抵抗する
farad / forte

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/13 09:23:36」(JST)

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This article is about the type of wetland. For other uses, see Fen (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Fenn.

A fen is one of the four main types of wetland and one of two types of mire (the other being a bog). It is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater.^[1] Fens are characterised by their water chemistry, which is neutral or alkaline, with relatively high dissolved mineral levels but few other plant nutrients. They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses in general including Scorpidium or Drepanocladus.^[2] Fens frequently have a high diversity of other plant species including carnivorous plants such as Pinguicula.^[3]^[4] They may also occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level maintain wet soils with few woody plants.^[5] The distribution of individual species of fen plants is often closely connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations.^[6]^[7]

Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which sometimes provide the best indicators of environmental conditions. For example, fen indicator species in New York include Carex flava, Cladium mariscoides, Potentilla fruticosa, Pogonia ophioglossoides and Parnassia glauca.^[8]

Fens are distinguished from bogs, which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, along with abundant mosses in the genus Sphagnum.^[9]

Fens have been damaged in the past by land drainage, and also by peat cutting.^[10] Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.^[11] The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to maintain the quality of water, and to prevent invasion by woody plants.

Etymology [edit]

The word "fen" is derived from Old English fenn Old Norse fen - quagmire, Gothic fani mud, Dutch ven, German Fenn fen, bog. from Proto-Germanic *fanja. Cognates include Gothic (fani), Old Frisian (fenne), Dutch (veen, ven) and German (Fenn(e), Venn, Vehn, Feen, Fehn).^[12]

Vegetation [edit]

View of Wicken Fen showing vegetation typical of a fen in the foreground and carr vegetation featuring trees and bushes in the background

Carr is the northern European equivalent of the wooded swamp of the south-eastern United States,^[13] also known in the United Kingdom as Wet woodland. It is a fen overgrown with generally small trees of species such as willow (Salix spp.) or alder (Alnus spp.). In general, fens may change in composition as peat accumulates. A list of species found in a fen can therefore cover a range of species from those remaining from the earlier stage in the successional development to the pioneers of the succeeding stage.

Where streams of base-rich water run through bog, these are often lined by strips of fen, separating "islands" of rain-fed bog.

Temporary flooding by beavers can have negative effects on fens.^[14]

References [edit]

^ Godwin, K. S., Shallenberger, J., Leopold, D. J., and Bedford, B. L. (2002). Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in New York fens: a hydrogeologic setting (HGS) framework. Wetlands, 22, 722–37.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p.8
^ Wheeler, B. D. and Giller, K. E. (1982). Species richness of herbaceous fen vegetation in Broadland, Norfolk in relation to the quantity of above-ground plant material. Journal of Ecology, 70, 179–200.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 9.
^ Charlton, D. L. and Hilts, S. (1989). Quantitative evaluation of fen ecosystems on the Bruce Peninsula. In Ontario Wetlands: Inertia or Momentum, eds. M. J. Bardecki and N. Patterson, pp. 339–54. Proceedings of Conference, Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, Toronto, Oct 21–22, 1988. Toronto, ON: Federation of Ontario Naturalists.
^ Slack, N. G., Vitt, D. H., and Horton, D. G. (1980). Vegetation gradients of minerotrophically rich fens in western Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany, 58, 330–50.
^ Schroder, H. K., Andersen, H. E., Kiehl, K., and Kenkel, N. (2005). Rejecting the mean: estimating the response of fen plant species to environmental factors by non-linear quantile regression. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 373–82.
^ Godwin, K. S., Shallenberger, J., Leopold, D. J., and Bedford, B. L. (2002). Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in New York fens: a hydrogeologic setting (HGS) framework. Wetlands, 22, 722–37. Table 3.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p.8
^ Sheail, J. and Wells, T. C. E. (1983). The Fenlands of Huntingdonshire, England: a case study in catastrophic change. In Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 4B, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor – Regional Studies, ed. A. J. P. Gore, pp. 375–93. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 13.
^ Etymonline
^ Bug Life
^ Reddoch, Joyce M., and Allan H. Reddoch. 2005. Consequences of Beaver, Castor canadensis, flooding on a small shore fen in southwestern Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist 119: 385-394.

Rose, F. Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns of the British Isles and north-western Europe (1989) ISBN 0-670-80688-9

External links [edit]

Great Fen Project

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Comparisons of soil nitrogen mass balances for an ombrotrophic bog and a minerotrophic fen in northern Minnesota.

Hill BH1, Jicha TM2, Lehto LL2, Elonen CM2, Sebestyen SD3, Kolka RK3.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2016 Apr 15;550:880-92. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.178. Epub 2016 Feb 4.
We compared nitrogen (N) storage and flux in soils from an ombrotrophic bog with that of a minerotrophic fen to quantify the differences in N cycling between these two peatlands types in northern Minnesota (USA). Precipitation, atmospheric deposition, and bog and fen outflows were analyzed for nitro
PMID 26851760

The 28-day exposure to fenpropathrin decreases locomotor activity and reduces activity of antioxidant enzymes in mice brains.

Nieradko-Iwanicka B1, Borzęcki A2.
Pharmacological reports : PR.Pharmacol Rep.2016 Apr;68(2):495-501. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.12.002. Epub 2015 Dec 18.
BACKGROUND: Fenpropathrin (Fen) is a pyrethroid (Pyr) insecticide. Pyrs are used in veterinary medicine, in agriculture and for domestic purposes. As their use increases, new questions about their side effects and mode of action in non-target organisms arise. The objective of this work was to charac
PMID 26922559

Formate-derived H2 , a Driver of Hydrogenotrophic Processes in the Root-zone of a Methane-emitting Fen.

Hunger S1, Schmidt O1, Gößner AS1, Drake HL1.
Environmental microbiology.Environ Microbiol.2016 Mar 21. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13301. [Epub ahead of print]
Wetlands are important sources of globally-emitted methane. Plants mediate much of that emission by releasing root-derived organic carbon, including formate, a direct precursor of methane. Thus, the objective of this study was to resolve formate-driven processes potentially linked to methanogenesis
PMID 26999575

Japanese Journal

Effect of Transport-Induced Charge Inhomogeneity on Point-Contact Andreev Reflection Spectra at Ferromagnet-Superconductor Interfaces

HSU Ya-Fen,CHIANG Tien-Wei,GUO Guang-Yu [他]
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 81(8), 084704-1-8, 2012-08
NAID 40019380096

Methionine Sulfoxide Stimulates Hepatocarcinogenesis in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Mouse : Possible Role of Free Radical-mediated DNA Methylation

Kawai Kazuaki,Li Yun-Shan,Song Ming-Fen [他]
Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society 34(3), 123-128, 2012-08
NAID 40019379669

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