WordNet

a sudden occurrence (or recurrence) of a disease; "he suffered an epileptic seizure" (同)ictus, raptus
the taking possession of something by legal process
of or relating to or characterized by fever; "a febrile reaction caused by an allergen" (同)feverish

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〈U〉〈C〉つかむ(つかまれる)こと / 〈U〉〈C〉強奪;差し押さえ;逮捕 / 〈C〉(病気・恐怖などが)襲うこと,発作
発熱性の,熱病の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/05 07:31:56」(JST)

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A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion, is a convulsion associated with a significant rise in body temperature. They most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months to 6 years (with only 10% of reported seizures occurring after the age of 3) and are twice as common in boys as in girls.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Causes

The direct cause of a febrile seizure is not known; however, it is normally precipitated by a recent upper respiratory infection or gastroenteritis. A febrile seizure is the effect of a sudden rise in temperature (>39°C/102°F) rather than a fever that has been present for a prolonged length of time.^[3] Parents caring for children that may be febrile who wrap them up in warm blankets in an attempt to give comfort unknowingly increase their fever and therefore the risk.^{[citation needed]}

Febrile seizures occurring in children between the ages of 6 months and about 6 years can be due to a hypersensitive hypothalamus in the brain. The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation, (amongst other factors) and in younger children it is still a developing portion of the brain, meaning it is susceptible to hypersensitive reactions to slight raises in body temperature.

Febrile seizures represent the meeting point between a low seizure threshold (genetically and age-determined; some children have a greater tendency to have seizures under certain circumstances) and a trigger, which is fever. The genetic causes of febrile seizures are still being researched. Some mutations that cause a neuronal hyperexcitability (and could be responsible for febrile seizures) have already been discovered.^{[citation needed]}

Several genetic associations have been identified.^[4] These include:

Type	OMIM	Gene
FEB3A	604403	SCN1A
FEB3B	604403	SCN9A
FEB4	604352	GPR98
FEB8	611277	GABRG2

Certain forms are considered channelopathies.^[5]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is one that must be arrived at by eliminating more serious causes of seizure and fever: in particular, meningitis and encephalitis must be considered. However, in locales in which children are immunized for pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae, the prevalence of bacterial meningitis is low. If a child has recovered and is acting normally, bacterial meningitis is very unlikely. The diagnosis of a febrile seizure should not prevent evaluation of the child for source of fever, although this is usually limited to evaluation of the urine in the younger age groups.

Types

There are two types of febrile seizures.

A simple febrile seizure is one in which the seizure lasts less than 15 minutes (usually much less than this), does not recur in 24 hours, and involves the entire body (classically a generalized tonic-clonic seizure).
A complex febrile seizure is characterized by longer duration, recurrence, or focus on only one side of the body.

The simple seizure represents the majority of cases and is considered to be less of a cause for concern than the complex.^{[citation needed]}

Simple febrile seizures do not cause permanent brain injury; do not tend to recur frequently (children tend to outgrow them); and do not make the development of adult epilepsy significantly more likely (about 3–5%), compared with the general public (1%).^[6] Children with ^[7] febrile convulsions are more likely to suffer from a febrile epileptic attack in the future if they have a complex febrile seizure, a family history of a febrile convulsions in first-degree relatives (a parent or sibling), or a preconvulsion history of abnormal neurological signs or developmental delay. There is an 80% chance that children who have complex febrile seizures will have seizures later on in life.^{[citation needed]} Similarly, the prognosis after a simple febrile seizure is excellent, whereas an increased risk of death has been shown for complex febrile seizures, partly related to underlying conditions.^[8]

Symptoms

During simple febrile seizures, the body will become stiff and the arms and legs will begin twitching. The patient loses consciousness, although their eyes remain open. Breathing can be irregular. They may become incontinent (wet or soil themselves); they may also vomit or have increased secretions (foam at the mouth). The seizure normally lasts for less than five minutes.^[9]

Treatment

The vast majority of patients do not require treatment for either their acute presentation with a seizure or for recurrences. Application of a damp sponge can help. When judged by a physician to be indicated, anticonvulsants can be prescribed. Sodium valproate or clonazepam are active against febrile seizures, with sodium valproate showing superiority over clonazepam.^[10]

References

^ Lissauer, Tom. Illustrated Book of Paediatrics (3rd Ed).
^ http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/566/basics/epidemiology.html
^ ^a ^b Snider, Kathleen. ATI NurseNotes: Pediatrics (117) Overland Park: Lippincott Raven Publishers, 1998.
^ Nakayama J, Arinami T (August 2006). "Molecular genetics of febrile seizures". Epilepsy Res. 70 Suppl 1: S190–8. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.023. PMID 16887333. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920-1211(06)00192-6.
^ Catterall WA, Dib-Hajj S, Meisler MH, Pietrobon D (November 2008). "Inherited Neuronal Ion Channelopathies: New Windows on Complex Neurological Diseases". J. Neurosci. 28 (46): 11768–77. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3901-08.2008. PMC 3177942. PMID 19005038. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19005038.
^ Shinnar S, Glauser TA: Febrile Seizures. J Child Neurol 17S:S44, 2002
^ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801500-overview
^ Vestergaard M, Pedersen MG, Ostergaard JR, Pedersen CB, Olsen J, Christensen J (August 2008). "Death in children with febrile seizures: a population-based cohort study". Lancet 372 (9637): 457–63. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61198-8. PMID 18692714. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(08)61198-8.
^ http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Febrile-convulsions/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
^ Steardo L, Florio C, Sorge F, Steardo R (June 1980). "[DPA and clonazepam activity in febrile convulsions: preliminary results]" (in Italian). Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 56 (11): 1187–91. PMID 6255970.

UpToDate Contents

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PRRT2 mutation causes paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and hemiplegic migraine in monozygotic twins.

Castiglioni C, López I, Riant F, Bertini E, Terracciano A.SourceUnit of Neurology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Clínica las Condes, Lo Fontecilla 441, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: ccastiglioni@clc.cl.
European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society.Eur J Paediatr Neurol.2013 May;17(3):254-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.10.010. Epub 2012 Nov 19.
PRRT2 gene mutations have recently been identified as a causative gene of Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), a rare movement disorder characterised by the occurrence of chorea, dystonia or athetosis triggered by sudden action. Some patients have additional intermittent neurologic disorders lik
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Early developmental outcomes in children following convulsive status epilepticus: A longitudinal study.

Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S, Chong WK, Mardari R, Chin RF, Neville BG, de Haan M, Scott RC.SourceDevelopmental Cognitive Neurosciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Epilepsia.Epilepsia.2013 Apr 8. doi: 10.1111/epi.12136. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is the most common pediatric neurologic emergency and is often associated with unfavorable neurodevelopmental outcomes. The early developmental trajectory of children following CSE has not been previously investigated, leaving a gap in our understanding o
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Prolonged febrile seizures, clinical characteristics, and acute management.

Bassan H, Barzilay M, Shinnar S, Shorer Z, Matoth I, Gross-Tsur V.SourceChild Neurology and Development Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Epilepsia.Epilepsia.2013 Apr 3. doi: 10.1111/epi.12164. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: Prolonged febrile seizures (PFS) lasting ≥15 min have been associated with increased risk for epilepsy in later life. Initial treatment, mostly prehospital, aims to prevent its evolution to febrile status epilepticus (FSE) and reduce adverse outcome. Paucity of information is available o
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Japanese Journal

EEG characteristics predict subsequent epilepsy in children with febrile seizure

KANEMURA Hideaki,MIZOROGI Sonoko,AOYAGI Kakuro,SUGITA Kanji,AIHARA Masao
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けいれん性疾患における医療給付発生事例の検討

和泉正英,竹村一徳,高本憲男 [他],加藤慎二郎,松本敬子
日本保険医学会誌 109(2), 146-155, 2011-06-17
けいれん性疾患の医療給付事例について入院日数を中心に分析を行った。先行する脳神経疾病(外傷,感染症,腫瘍,脳血管障害)の存在する二次性けいれん性疾患では外傷と脳血管障害で平均入院日数が長かった。さらに脳血管障害の中ではクモ膜下出血で平均入院日数が長く,複数回の入院が発生していた。先行する疾病の見られない特発性けいれん性疾患の平均入院日数は二次性けいれん性疾患の2倍程度であった。特発性をけいれんの型 …
NAID 110008673366