WordNet

the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs

English Journal

Schäfer M1, Gawron O.
Der Orthopade.Orthopade.2015 May 20. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: In Germany around 70,000 amputations are carried out on extremities each year. Modern prosthetic functional components have become more and more sophisticated and must be understood and applied by their users to be of beneficial use in everyday life. The prosthetic socket is the most imp
PMID 25990040

Ortega-Hernández J1.
Current biology : CB.Curr Biol.2015 May 6. pii: S0960-9822(15)00485-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.034. [Epub ahead of print]
The Cambrian fossil record of euarthropods (extant arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans, hexapods) has played a major role in understanding the origins of these successful animals and indicates that early ancestors underwent an evolutionary transition from soft-bodied taxa (lobopodians) to more familia
PMID 25959966

The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage.

Hirasawa T1, Pascual-Anaya J, Kamezaki N, Taniguchi M, Mine K, Kuratani S.
Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution.J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol.2015 May;324(3):194-207. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22579. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
Turtles are characterized by their possession of a shell with dorsal and ventral moieties: the carapace and the plastron, respectively. In this review, we try to provide answers to the question of the evolutionary origin of the carapace, by revising morphological, developmental, and paleontological
PMID 24898540