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any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter
of or relating to exocrine glands or their secretions

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(生物体内の)腺(せん)
外分泌腺の,外分泌液の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/23 16:06:50」(JST)

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In the animal kingdom, the general term gland falls into two major categories with further subtypes falling under each of these.

An Exocrine gland is distinguished by the fact that it excretes its essential product by way of a duct to some environment external to itself, be it either inside the body or on a surface of the body.

Examples of exocrine glands include the sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas and liver.

An Endocrine gland is its counterpart. It secretes its essential product without the use of a duct directly into the bloodstream or else by diffusion into its surrounding tissue (paracrine signaling) where it often affects only target cells near the release site.

Examples of endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, located atop the kidneys and responsible for the secretion of certain hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol and others. The testes, sing: testicle, in males and ovaries in females are not only gonads, organs which generate male and female germ cells respectively, but are also endocrine glands in that they produce various androgens and estrogens together known as steroidal sex hormones.

Further classification of exocrine glands [edit]

By structure [edit]

Exocrine glands contain a glandular portion and a duct portion, the structures of which can be used to classify the gland.

The duct portion may be branched (called compound) or unbranched (called simple).
The glandular portion may be tubular or acinar, or may be a mix of the two (called tubuloacinar). If the glandular portion branches, then the gland is called a branched gland.

By method of excretion [edit]

Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands, holocrine glands, or merocrine glands based on how their products are excreted.

Apocrine glands - a portion of the plasma membrane buds off the cell, containing the excretion.
Holocrine glands - the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance; for example, sebaceous glands of the skin and nose.
Merocrine glands or (eccrine glands) - cells excrete their substances by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells.

By product excreted [edit]

Serous cells excrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include chief cells and Paneth cells
Mucous cells excrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands
Mixed glands excrete both protein and mucus. Examples include the salivary glands, although the parotid gland is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland is predominantly mucous, and the submandibular gland is both serous and mucous.

List of exocrine glands [edit]

Name(s)	Location	Product	Structure
Apocrine sweat glands	skin		coiled tubular
Bartholin's glands, Tiedmann's glands, vulvovaginal glands	vulva, vagina
Bauhin's glands, anterior lingual glands	tongue, near tip	nonserous or mixed
Brunner's glands,	duodenum	mucous	compound tubular
Bulbourethral glands, Cowper's glands, Mery's glands	penis, base	Pre-ejaculate
Ciaccio's glands, accessory lacrimal glands	eye
Cobelli's glands	esophagus, just above the cardia, in the mucosa	mucous
Ebner's glands	tongue	serous
Eccrine sweat glands	skin		coiled tubular
Esophageal glands	esophagus	mucous	racemose
Exocrine pancreas	pancreas	serous	tubulo-acinar
Fränkel's glands	vocal cords, below the edge
Gastric chief cell, Wasmann's glands	stomach	serous
Glomus coccygeum, coccygeal gland, Luschka's gland or gangliona	coccyx, near the tip
Goblet cells	digestive tract, respiratory tract	mucous	simple unicellular
Henle's glands	eyelids, in the conjuctiva		tubular
Krause's glands	conjunctiva, middle portion	mucous
Lieberkuhn's glands	intestines, surface of mucous membrane		simple tubular
Littré's glands, Morgagni's glands	spongy portion of the urethra		racemose
Mammary gland	breast		compound tubulo-acinar
Meibomian gland	eyelids	sebaceous
Moll's glands	eyelids
Montgomery's glands	mammary areola	sebaceous
Naboth's glands	cervix and os uteri	mucous
Olfactory glands, Bowman's glands	nose, olfactory region
Paneth cells	small intestine	serous
Gley's glands, Sandstroem's glands
parotid gland	mouth	serous	tubulo-alveolar
Peyer's patches (or glands)	ileum, lymphatic glands
Prostate	surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder
Pyloric glands	stomach	mucous	simple branched tubular
Sebaceous gland	skin	sebum	acinar - branched
Skene's glands, Guérin's glands	vagina
Sublingual gland, Rivini's gland	mouth	mucus (primarily)	tubulo-alveolar
Submandibular gland	mouth	mixed (M+S)	tubulo-alveolar
Sudoriparous glands, Boerhaave's glands	skin
Sigmund's glands	epitrochlear lymph nodes
Suzanne's gland	mouth, beneath the alveolingual groove	mucous
Weber's glands	tongue	mucous	tubular
Glands of Zeis	eyelids, free edges	sebaceous

Additional images [edit]

Section of the human esophagus. Moderately magnified.
Dissection of a lactating breast.

External links [edit]

Diagram at mhhe.com
gland at eMedicine Dictionary

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English Journal

Interleukin-6 inhibits apoptosis of exocrine gland tissues under inflammatory conditions.

Zhou J1, Jin JO2, Patel ES3, Yu Q4.
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Interleukin (IL)-6 is a multi-functional cytokine that can either promote or suppress tissue inflammation depending on the specific disease context. IL-6 is elevated in the exocrine glands and serum of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), but the specific role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of this
PMID 26255211

Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase 2 Is Stable and Highly Active in Test Meals and Increases Fat Absorption in an Animal Model of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency.

Aloulou A1, Schué M2, Puccinelli D3, Milano S4, Delchambre C3, Leblond Y3, Laugier R5, Carrière F6.
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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) reduces pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes, including lipases. Oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) with pancreatin produces unsatisfactory results. The lipase 2 produced by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (YLLIP2; GenB
PMID 26327131

[Semen analysis in involuntary childlessness : What information does it provide?].

Weberschock T1,2, Valipour A3, Ochsendorf F3.
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift für Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete.Hautarzt.2015 Dec;66(12):924-32. doi: 10.1007/s00105-015-3707-9.
Involuntary childlessness is a common problem. In about 50 % of cases, inadequate semen quality plays a relevant role. A semen analysis provides information regarding exocrine function of the male reproductive organs of the testes, epidydimis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and vas deferens. Th
PMID 26452353

Japanese Journal

Immunohistochemical Detection of Toll-Like Receptor-2, -4 and -9 in Exocrine Glands Associated with Rat Alimentary Tract

MANTANI Youhei,YOKOO Yuh,KAMEZAKI Aosa,UDAYANGA Kankanam Gamage Sanath,TAKAHARA Ei-ichirou,TAKEUCHI Takashi,KAWANO Junichi,YOKOYAMA Toshifumi,HOSHI Nobuhiko,KITAGAWA Hiroshi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2012(0), 1429, 2012
… Localization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the exocrine glands associated with the rat alimentary tract was immunohistochemically studied using anti-TLR antibodies. … TLR-2, -4 and -9 were detected in the secretory granules of acinar cells or the luminal substances of the gustatory gland, extraorbital lacrimal gland, Harderian gland, proper gastric gland and pancreas. …
NAID 130001879733

Anatomy and Histology of Rodent and Human Major Salivary Glands—Overview of the Japan Salivary Gland Society-Sponsored Workshop—

Amano Osamu,Mizobe Kenichi,Bando Yasuhiko,Sakiyama Koji
ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA 45(5), 241-250, 2012
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Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 75(9), 1818-1822, 2011-09-23
… Comparative GC analyses of the major exocrine glands detected the compound in the soldier’s frontal gland. …
NAID 10029757589