WordNet

a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; normal for Mongolian peoples; sometimes occurs in Downs syndrome (同)epicanthic fold

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/22 10:04:41」(JST)

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Epicanthic fold (/ɛpɪˌkænθɪkˈfoʊld/),^[1] epicanthal fold, epicanthus, or simply eye fold^[2] are names for a skin fold of the upper eyelid, covering the inner corner (medial canthus) of the eye. Other names for this trait include plica palpebronasalis^[3] and palpebronasal fold.^[4] One of the primary facial features often closely associated with the epicanthic fold is the nasal bridge; all else equal, a lower-rooted nose bridge is more likely to cause epicanthic folds, and a higher-rooted nose bridge is less likely to do so.^[5] There are various factors that influence whether someone has epicanthic folds, including geographical ancestry, age, and certain medical conditions.

Factors

Geographic distribution

Epicanthic fold depicted in a painting.

A Khoisan man with an epicanthic fold in Namibia.

A Uyghur girl with an epicanthic fold in Turpan, Xinjiang, China.

Epicanthic folds occur in East Asians, Southeast Asians, Central Asians and some South Asians, Indigenous Americans, the San people, Berbers, Inuit, and occasionally in Europeans (e.g., Scandinavians and Poles).^[6]^[7]^[8]

The reason many Asians have the epicanthic fold is not yet fully understood by researchers, but one of the most likely hypotheses is that they are an evolutionary adaption to harsh winds and snow, such as the conditions of the Himalayan mountain range.^[9]

Age

Many fetuses lose their epicanthic folds after three to six months of gestation.^[10]^{[non-primary source needed]}

Medical conditions

Epicanthic fold is sometimes found as a congenital abnormality.^[1] Medical conditions that cause the nasal bridge not to mature and project are associated with epicanthic folds. About 60% of individuals with Down syndrome have prominent epicanthic folds.^[11]^[12] In 1862, John Langdon Down classified what is now called Down syndrome. He used the term mongoloid for the condition. This was derived from then-prevailing ethnic theory^[13] and from his perception that children with Down syndrome shared physical facial similarities (epicanthic folds) with those of Blumenbach's Mongolian race. While the term "mongoloid" (also "mongol" or "mongoloid idiot") continued to be used until the early 1970s, it is now considered pejorative and inaccurate and is no longer in common use.^[14]

In Zellweger syndrome, epicanthic folds are prominent.^[15] Other examples are fetal alcohol syndrome, phenylketonuria, and Turner syndrome.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "epicanthic". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
^ "Eye fold". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ "AllRefer Health - Epicanthal Folds (Plica Palpebronasalis)". AllRefer.com. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "Palpebronasal Fold - Medical Dictionary Search". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-01. .
^ Montagu, A. (1989) Growing Young N.Y.: McGraw Hill pp. 40
^ Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.
^ "Epicanthus". Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ "epicanthic fold (anatomy)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
^ "Explain Like I'm Five". {deleted}. null. Retrieved 5 January 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Park JI (2000-01-01). "Modified Z-Epicanthoplasty in the Asian Eyelid". Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2 (1): 43–47. ISSN 1521-2491.
^ Hammer, edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D. (2010). "Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases". Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-0-07-162167-0.
^ Pham, V. (2010). COMMON OTOLARYNGOLOGICAL CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology. [1]
^ Conor, WO (1999). "John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message". Down Syndrome Research and Practice 6 (1): 19–24. doi:10.3104/perspectives.94.
^ Howard-Jones, Norman (1979). "On the diagnostic term "Down's disease"". Medical History 23 (1): 102–04. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051048. PMC: 1082401. PMID 153994.
^ Kalyanasundaram, S. (2010). Peroxisomal Disorder-Unusual Presentation as Failure to Thrive in Early Infancy. In Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 77:1151–1152
^ Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. "Epicanthal folds". nih.gov.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

A Modified Method Combining Z-Epicanthoplasty and Blepharoplasty to Develop Out-Fold Type Double Eyelids.

Zhao J1, Qi Z1, Zong X1, Yang X1, Song G1, Du L1, Jin X2.
Aesthetic plastic surgery.Aesthetic Plast Surg.2015 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The epicanthus can weaken the effect of blepharoplasty, which makes it difficult to form the out-fold type double eyelids preferred by Asian women. The integration of blepharoplasty and Z-epicanthoplasty has become increasingly popular. Although many techniques have been introduced to re
PMID 26721249

Cosmetic Comparison Between the Modified Uchida Method and the Mustarde Method for Blepharophimosis-Ptosis-Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome.

Yamaguchi K1, Imai K, Fujimoto T, Takahashi M, Maruyama Y.
Annals of plastic surgery.Ann Plast Surg.2015 Nov;75(5):518-21. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000198.
PURPOSE: Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a rare, congenital, surgically challenging disease. We undertook an objective, functional, and cosmetic comparison between the modified Uchida procedure and the Mustarde procedure on Asian patients with BPES.DESIGN: This is a re
PMID 25180952

Insights into genotype-phenotype correlations from CREBBP point mutation screening in a cohort of 46 Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome patients.

Spena S1, Milani D2, Rusconi D1, Negri G1, Colapietro P1, Elcioglu N3, Bedeschi F4, Pilotta A5, Spaccini L6, Ficcadenti A7, Magnani C8, Scarano G9, Selicorni A10, Larizza L1,11, Gervasini C1.
Clinical genetics.Clin Genet.2015 Nov;88(5):431-40. doi: 10.1111/cge.12537. Epub 2014 Dec 9.
The genetic basis of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a rare, sporadic, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and a wide spectrum of multiple congenital anomalies, is primarily due to private mutations in CREBBP (approximately 55% of cases) or EP300 (approximately
PMID 25388907

Japanese Journal

Differential Apoptotic and Proliferative Activities of Wild-type FOXL2 and Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus Inversus Syndrome (BPES)-associated Mutant FOXL2 Proteins

家畜繁殖研究會誌 60(1), 14-20, 2014
NAID 130003381856

Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome

Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 53(3), 390-392, 2011-06-01
NAID 10029558557

内眼角贅皮を伴った先天性睡毛内反症に対する内眥形成術と内反症手術の併用

日本眼科學会雜誌 114(2), 105-109, 2010-02-10
NAID 10026261085

Related Pictures

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リンク元

「内眼角贅皮」

Epicanthic fold
	The epicanthic fold is the skin fold of the upper eyelid covering the inner angle of the eye.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	plica palpebronasalis
TA	A15.2.07.028
FMA	59370
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

canthus
英: epicanthus

参考

1. 写真

http://forums.skadi.net/showthread.php?t=72006

[epicanthic-1] "epicanthic". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2012.

[2] "Eye fold". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 14 December 2012.

[3] "AllRefer Health - Epicanthal Folds (Plica Palpebronasalis)". AllRefer.com. Retrieved 2009-10-01.

[4] "Palpebronasal Fold - Medical Dictionary Search". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-01. .

[Montagu-5] Montagu, A. (1989) Growing Young N.Y.: McGraw Hill pp. 40

[6] Montagu, A. (1989). Growing Young. Bergin & Garvey: CT.

[askd-7] "Epicanthus". Retrieved 25 April 2014.

[8] "epicanthic fold (anatomy)". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2014.

[9] "Explain Like I'm Five". {deleted}. null. Retrieved 5 January 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[10] Park JI (2000-01-01). "Modified Z-Epicanthoplasty in the Asian Eyelid". Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2 (1): 43–47. ISSN 1521-2491.

[Steph2010-11] Hammer, edited by Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D. (2010). "Pathophysiology of Selected Genetic Diseases". Pathophysiology of disease : an introduction to clinical medicine (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-0-07-162167-0.

[12] Pham, V. (2010). COMMON OTOLARYNGOLOGICAL CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology. [1]

[Conor-13] Conor, WO (1999). "John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message". Down Syndrome Research and Practice 6 (1): 19–24. doi:10.3104/perspectives.94.

[howard-jones-14] Howard-Jones, Norman (1979). "On the diagnostic term "Down's disease"". Medical History 23 (1): 102–04. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051048. PMC: 1082401. PMID 153994.

[15] Kalyanasundaram, S. (2010). Peroxisomal Disorder-Unusual Presentation as Failure to Thrive in Early Infancy. In Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 77:1151–1152

[16] Updated by: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. "Epicanthal folds". nih.gov.

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epicanthus