亜鈴　　　

WordNet

an exercising weight; two spheres connected by a short bar that serves as a handle
an ignorant or foolish person (同)dummy, dope, boob, booby, pinhead

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亜鈴 / 《おもに米俗》ばか

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/01/26 13:59:15」(JST)

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A pair of adjustable dumbbells with 2 kg plates.

The dumbbell, a type of free weight, is a piece of equipment used in weight training. It can be used individually or in pairs, with one in each hand.

History

Young boy holding a discus at the palaestra. Near him, a pick to prepare the landing ground for the long jump and a pair of dumbbells (halteres) used to maintain equilibrium during the jump. Interior of an Ancient Greek Attic red-figure kylix, 510–500 BC, Louvre Museum, Paris.

Dumbbells (halteres) used in athletic games in ancient Greece, National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

The forerunner of the dumbbell, halteres, were used in ancient Greece as lifting weights^[1]^[2] and also as weights in the ancient Greek version of the long jump.^[3] A kind of dumbbell was also used in India for more than a millennium, shaped like a club – so it was named Indian club. Despite their common English name implying an Indian origin, the so-called Indian clubs were in fact created in the Near East. Properly referred to as meels, they are first recorded as being used by wrestlers in ancient Persia, Egypt and the Middle East.^{[citation needed]} The practice has continued to the present day, notably in the Varzesh-e Bastan tradition practiced in the zurkaneh of Iran. From Persia, the Mughals brought the meels to South Asia where are still used by pehlwan (wrestlers). British colonists first came across Persian meels in India, and erroneously referred to them as "Indian clubs" despite their Middle Eastern origin. The design of the "Nal", as the equipment was referred to, can be seen as a halfway point between a barbell and a dumbbell. It was generally used in pairs, in workouts by wrestlers, bodybuilders, sports players, and others wishing to increase strength and muscle size.

Etymology

The term "dumbbell" or "dumb bell" originated in late Stuart England. In 1711 the poet Joseph Addison mentioned exercising with a "dumb bell" in an essay published in The Spectator (1711).^[4] Although Addison elsewhere in the same publication describes having used equipment similar to the modern understanding of dumbbells, according to sport historian Jan Todd, the form of the first dumbbells remains unclear.^[4] The Oxford English Dictionary describes "apparatus similar to that used to ring a church bell, but without the bell, so noiseless or ‘dumb’", implying the action of pulling a bell rope to practise English bellringing.^[5]

Types

By the early 17th century, the familiar shape of the dumbbell, with two equal weights attached to a handle, had appeared.^[6] There are currently three main types of dumbbell:

A full set of Fixed-weight dumbbells

Adjustable dumbbells consist of a metal bar whose centre portion is often engraved with a crosshatch pattern (knurling) to improve grip. Weight plates are slid onto the outer portions of the dumbbell and secured with clips or collars. Shown to the right is a "spinlock" dumbbell, whose ends are threaded to accept large nuts as collars. Alternatively, a dumbbell may have smooth ends with plates being secured by a sprung collar. Nowadays, many commercially sold dumbbells are available with sophisticated, and easy-to-use methods for weight increments adjustments.
Fixed-weight dumbbells are weights created in a dumbbell shape. Inexpensive varieties consist of cast iron, sometimes coated with rubber or neoprene for comfort, and even cheaper versions consist of a rigid plastic shell that is filled with concrete.
"Selectorized" dumbbells are adjustable dumbbells whose number of plates (i.e. weight) can be easily changed when resting in the dumbbell stand. This is achieved by adjusting the number of plates that follow the handle when lifted, e.g. by turning a dial or moving a selector pin — rather than manually adding or removing plates. This makes it very easy to change the weight of the dumbbell between exercises, and the stand typically doubles as storage for the additional weights not being used for a particular exercise.

References

^ Norman Gardiner, Athletics in the Ancient World, Dover, 2002, on Google books
^ Bill Pearl, Getting Stronger: Weight Training for Sports, Shelter, 2005, on Google books
^ Stephen G. Miller, Ancient Greek Athletics, Yale University Press, 2006, on Google books
^ ^a ^b Todd, Ph.D., Jan (1 April 1995). "From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, Dumbells, and Indian Clubs" (PDF). LA84 Foundation. Iron Game History: The Journal of Physical Culture. p. 6. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ Oxford dictionary definition and etymology
^ Hedrick, Allen (18 Jan 2014). Dumbbell training. Human Kinetics. p. xii.

External links

Media related to Dumbbells at Wikimedia Commons

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English Journal

Dumbbell-PCR for Discriminative Quantification of a Small RNA Variant.

Shigematsu M1, Honda S1, Kirino Y2.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2018;1680:65-73. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7339-2_4.
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The effect of motivation and positive affect on ego depletion: Replenishment versus release mechanism.

Zhu Z1, Li J1,2, Zhang B1, Li Y1, Zhang H1.
International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie.Int J Psychol.2017 Dec;52(6):445-452. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12235. Epub 2015 Nov 12.
PMID 26564863

Effect of short-chain branching on interfacial polymer structure and dynamics under shear flow.

Jeong S1, Kim JM, Cho S, Baig C.
Soft matter.Soft Matter.2017 Nov 22;13(45):8644-8650. doi: 10.1039/c7sm01644a.
PMID 29115348

Assembly, Thermodynamics, and Structure of a Two-Wheeled Composite of a Dumbbell-Shaped Molecule and Cylindrical Molecules with Different Edges.

Matsuno T1,2, Kamata S3, Sato S1,2, Yokoyama A2,3,4, Sarkar P2,3,5, Isobe H1,2.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.2017 Nov 20;56(47):15020-15024. doi: 10.1002/anie.201709442. Epub 2017 Oct 23.
PMID 28994189

Japanese Journal

Modeling of Phosphorus Transport by Interstitial Dumbbell in α-Iron Using First-Principles-Based Kinetic Monte Carlo

Materials transactions 58(1), 26-32, 2017-01
NAID 40021047667

Multiscale Simulation of Polymer Melt Spinning by Using the Dumbbell Model

日本レオロジー学会誌 44(5), 265-280, 2017
NAID 130005290727

Macromolecular Origins of Fifth Shear Stress Harmonic in Large-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Flow

日本レオロジー学会誌 44(5), 289-302, 2017
NAID 130005290661

Pediatric symptomatic Rathke cleft cyst compared with cystic craniopharyngioma

Child's Nervous System 32(9), 1625-1632, 2016-09-01
NAID 120005830643

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