WordNet

use recreational drugs (同)do drugs
administer a drug to; "They drugged the kidnapped tourist" (同)dose
a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic

PrepTutorEJDIC

『薬』,薬品,薬剤 / 『麻薬』,麻酔剤 / 〈人〉‘に'薬(特に麻酔剤)を与える / 〈飲食物〉‘に'(麻酔薬・毒薬などの)薬を混ぜる
〈U〉排泄,排泄作用 / 〈U〉〈C〉排泄物,分泌物

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1. 薬物アレルギー患者へのアプローチ an approach to the patient with drug allergy
2. 抗マラリア剤：概要 antimalarial drugs an overview
3. 成人における薬物中毒への一般的アプローチ general approach to drug poisoning in adults
4. 高齢者に対する薬剤処方 drug prescribing for older adults
5. リウマチ性疾患における免疫抑制剤および疾患修飾剤の使用の概要 overview of the use of immunosuppressive and disease modifying drugs in the rheumatic diseases

English Journal

Contemporary view of the clinical relevance of magnesium homeostasis.

Ayuk J, Gittoes NJ.Author information Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.AbstractMagnesium is one of the most abundant cations in the body and is essential for a wide variety of metabolically important reactions. Serum magnesium concentration is regulated by the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Hypomagnesaemia is relatively common, with an estimated prevalence in the general population ranging from 2.5 to 15%. It may result from inadequate magnesium intake, increased gastrointestinal or renal loss or redistribution from extracellular to intracellular space. Drug-induced hypomagnesaemia, particularly related to proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, is being increasingly recognized. Although most patients with hypomagnesaemia are asymptomatic, manifestations may include neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic features. Due to the kidney's ability to increase fractional excretion to nearly 100% when the renal magnesium threshold is exceeded, clinically significant hypermagnesaemia is uncommon, generally occurring only in the setting of renal insufficiency and excessive magnesium intake. Symptoms include hypotension, nausea, facial flushing, ileus and flaccid muscle paralysis. In most cases, simply withdrawing exogenous magnesium is sufficient to restore normal magnesium concentrations, although occasionally administration of intravenous calcium or even dialysis may be required.
Annals of clinical biochemistry.Ann Clin Biochem.2014 Mar;51(Pt 2):179-88. doi: 10.1177/0004563213517628. Epub 2014 Jan 8.
Magnesium is one of the most abundant cations in the body and is essential for a wide variety of metabolically important reactions. Serum magnesium concentration is regulated by the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Hypomagnesaemia is relatively common, with an estimated pre
PMID 24402002

Tube length and cell type-dependent cellular responses to ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotube.

Donkor DA1, Tang XS2.Author information 1Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.2Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. Electronic address: tangxw@uwaterloo.ca.AbstractThis paper presents a detailed study on the cellular responses to PEGylated ultra-short (<80 nm) single-walled carbon nanotube (US-SWNT). The experimental results show clearly the tube length and cell-type dependent cellular uptake, intracellular localization, excretion of US-SWNT, as well as US-SWNT partitioning at cell division. Confocal fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry analysis of three cell types (HeLa, human hepatoma, and HUVEC) indicate that PEGylated SWNT below 35 nm might not be suitable for active targeting but could find alternative applications in gene transfection due to the ability to spontaneously traverse the nuclear membrane. While US-SWNT with an average length of 30 nm were rapidly excreted by non-polarized HeLa and hepatoma cells, lysosomal retention was observed by HUVEC, a polarized cell line. Further, HUVEC transferred intracellular US-SWNT to subsequent generations through asymmetric partitioning. These results could have significant implications for the rational design of SWNT carriers for drug delivery, as contrast agents, and for other new niche applications.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Mar;35(9):3121-31. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.075. Epub 2014 Jan 9.
This paper presents a detailed study on the cellular responses to PEGylated ultra-short (<80 nm) single-walled carbon nanotube (US-SWNT). The experimental results show clearly the tube length and cell-type dependent cellular uptake, intracellular localization, excretion of US-SWNT, as well as US
PMID 24411334

Biodistribution and Metabolism Studies of Lipid Nanoparticle-Formulated Internally [3H]-Labeled siRNA in Mice.

Christensen J, Litherland K, Faller T, van de Kerkhof E, Natt F, Hunziker J, Boos J, Beuvink I, Bowman K, Baryza J, Beverly M, Vargeese C, Heudi O, Stoeckli M, Krauser J, Swart P.Author information Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.C., K.L., T.F., E.v.d.K., O.H., J.K., P.S.), Analytical Sciences (M.S.), and Biologics Center (F.N., J.H., J.Bo., I.B.), Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; and Biologics Center, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.B., J.B., M.B., C.V.).AbstractAbsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) formulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vehicle were determined in male CD-1 mice following a single intravenous administration of LNP-formulated [(3)H]-SSB siRNA, at a target dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Tissue distribution of the [(3)H]-SSB siRNA was determined using quantitative whole-body autoradiography, and the biostability was determined by both liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with radiodetection and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction techniques. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics and distribution of the cationic lipid (one of the main excipients of the LNP vehicle) were investigated by LC-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging techniques, respectively. Following i.v. administration of [(3)H]-SSB siRNA in the LNP vehicle, the concentration of parent guide strand could be determined up to 168 hours p.d. (post dose), which was ascribed to the use of the vehicle. This was significantly longer than what was observed after i.v. administration of the unformulated [(3)H]-SSB siRNA, where no intact parent guide strand could be observed 5 minutes post dosing. The disposition of the siRNA was determined by the pharmacokinetics of the formulated LNP vehicle itself. In this study, the radioactivity was widely distributed throughout the body, and the total radioactivity concentration was determined in selected tissues. The highest concentrations of radioactivity were found in the spleen, liver, esophagus, stomach, adrenal, and seminal vesicle wall. In conclusion, the LNP vehicle was found to drive the kinetics and biodistribution of the SSB siRNA. The renal clearance was significantly reduced and its exposure in plasma significantly increased compared with the unformulated [(3)H]-SSB siRNA.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals.Drug Metab Dispos.2014 Mar;42(3):431-40. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.055434. Epub 2014 Jan 3.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) formulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vehicle were determined in male CD-1 mice following a single intravenous administration of LNP-formulated [(3)H]-SSB siRNA, at a target dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Tissue
PMID 24389421

Japanese Journal

Oral drug delivery utilizing intestinal OATP transporters

Tamai Ikumi
Advanced Drug
… Transporters play important roles in tissue distribution and urinary- and biliary-excretion of drugs and transporter molecules involved in those processes have been elucidated well. … Among them, most studied absorptive drug transporter is peptide transporter PEPT1. … Recent pharmacogenomic studies demonstrated that OATP2B1 is involved in the drug absorption in human. …
NAID 120003386985