WordNet

free or available for use or disposition; "every disposable piece of equipment was sent to the fire"; "disposable assets"
an item that can be disposed of after it has been used
designed to be disposed of after use; "disposable paper cups"
not designed to be thrown away after use
(of assets) unavailable for use
income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending

PrepTutorEJDIC

使い捨てにできる / (税金などを差し引かれた後)自由に使える

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/30 16:30:13」(JST)

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Disposable is an adjective meaning the ability of something to be disposed of or thrown away after use. Many people now use the term as a noun, i.e. "a disposable" but in reality this is still an adjective as the noun (product, nappy, etc.) is implied. Disposable income is the amount of money left over from one's salary or pay for spending, saving or whatever, after all living costs have been taken out. A disposable (also called disposable product) is a product designed for a single use after which it is recycled or is disposed as solid waste. The term often implies cheapness and short-term convenience rather than medium to long-term durability. The term is also sometimes used for products that may last several months (e.g. disposable air filters) to distinguish from similar products that last indefinitely (e.g. washable air filters). The word "disposables" is not to be confused with the word "consumables" which is widely used in the mechanical world. In welding for example, welding rods, tips, nozzles, gas, etc. are considered to be "consumables" as they only last a certain amount of time before needing to be replaced.

Materials and costs

Disposables are most often made from paper, plastic, cotton, or polystyrene foam.

Examples of disposables

Kitchen & dining products

Disposable dishware / drinkware (e.g. plates, bowls, cups)
Plastic cutlery (e.g. spoons, knives, forks, sporks)
Disposable table cloth
Cans, bottles, jars, cartons, wrappers and other food packaging are largely recyclable, and some are even compostable
Inexpensive tupperware products are recyclable
Cupcake wrappers, coffee filters are compostable

Food service industry disposables

In 2002, Taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of plastic bags. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tons of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tons of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste.^[1] In 2013 Twaiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation's 968 schools, government agencies and hospitals. The ban is expected to eliminate 2,600 metric tons of waste yearly.^[2]

In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, laws banning use of disposable food and drink containers at large scale events have been enacted. Such a ban has been in place in Munich, Germany since 1991, applying to all city facilities and events. This includes events of all sizes, including very large ones (Christmas market, Auer-Dult Faire, Oktoberfest and Munich City Marathon). For small events of a few hundred people, the city has arranged for a corporation offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment. In part through this regulation, Munich reduced the waste generated by Oktoberfest, which attracts tens of thousands of people, from 11,000 metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999.^[3]

China produces about 57 billion pairs of single-use chopsticks yearly, of which half are exported. About 45 percent are made from trees – about 3.8 million of them – mainly cotton wood, birch, and spruce, the remainder being made from bamboo. Japan uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year, and globally the use is about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by about 1.4 million people. Reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of 130 meals. In Japan, with disposable ones costing about 2 cents and reusable ones costing typically $1.17, the reusables better the $2.60 breakeven cost. Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect.^[4]^[5]

Medical & Hygiene products

Medical and surgical device manufacturers worldwide produce a multitude of items that are intended for one use only. The primary reason is infection control; when an item is used only once it cannot transmit infectious agents to subsequent patients. Manufacturers of any type of medical device are obliged to abide by numerous standards and regulations. ISO 15223: Medical Devices and EN 980 cite that single use instruments or devices be labelled as such on their packaging with a universally recognized symbol to denote "do not re-use," "single use," or "use only once". This symbol is the numeral 2, within a circle with a 45° line through it.

Examples of single use items include:

Hypodermic Needles
Toilet paper
Condoms and other contraception products
Disposable enemas and similar products
Cotton swabs and pads
Medical and cleaning gloves
Baby and adult diapers, and training pants
Shaving razors, waxing kits, combs, and other hair control products
Toothbrushes, dental floss, and other oral care products
Hospital aprons
Disposable panties in postpartum
Contact lenses

Electronics

Non-rechargeable batteries are considered hazardous waste and should only be disposed of as such.
Disposable ink cart
Disposable cameras

Defense and law enforcement

Ammunition; but shell casings are recyclable
PlastiCuffs

Other consumer products

Paper shopping bags can be reused and are recyclable
Plastic shopping bags can be reused and are also recyclable at many grocery stores
Vacuum cleaner bags, water, air, coolant, and other filters
Paper currency (worn out banknotes are removed from circulation by the Federal Reserve)
Ballpoint pens, erasers, and other writing implements
Aseptic milk and soy milk containers

Environmental impact

The use of disposable products had led to a marked increase in trash and is a major cause of overconsumption. Some movements, such as landfill diversion, seek to combat disposable item overuse and the resulting trash.

References

^ Env. Research Foundation (undated). Taiwan’s Plastics Ban.
^ China Post. June 5, 2013. EPA to ban disposable cups from June 1.
^ Pre-Waste EU. (undated). Ban on disposable food and drink containers at events in Munich, Germany (Pre-waste factsheet 99)
^ New York Times. Reus Oct. 24, 2011. Disposable Chopsticks Strip Asian Forests. By Rachel Nuwer.
^ Ecopedia. 2013. How Wooden Chopsticks Are Killing Nature. By Alastair Shaw.

External links

How disposable chopsticks are made (video).

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

In situ deposition of gold nanoparticles on polydopamine functionalized silica nanosphere for ultrasensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical immunoassay.

Lai G, Zhang H, Yong J, Yu A.SourceHubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, Department of Chemistry, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, PR China. Electronic address: laiguosong@hotmail.com.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Sep 15;47:178-83. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.029. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
A novel gold nanoprobe was prepared for the signal tracing of ultrasensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical immunoassay at a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based disposable immunosensor. The gold nanoprobe was prepared via in situ deposition of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on the polydopamine functionalized s
PMID 23578971

Electrochemical evaluation and adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of capsaicin or dihydrocapsaicin on a disposable pencil graphite electrode.

Yardım Y, Sentürk Z.SourceYüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 65080 Van, Turkey.
Talanta.Talanta.2013 Aug 15;112:11-9. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.047. Epub 2013 Mar 22.
Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are the two most abundant capsaicinoids in peppers, which are responsible for about 90% of the spiciness. A detailed study of the electrochemical properties of these compounds at pencil graphite (PG) electrode was carried out in the pH range 1.0-12.0 in aqueous solutio
PMID 23708530

Patient specific cutting guides versus an imageless, computer-assisted surgery system in total knee arthroplasty.

Nam D, Maher PA, Rebolledo BJ, Nawabi DH, McLawhorn AS, Pearle AD.SourceHospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States. Electronic address: namd@hss.edu.
The Knee.Knee.2013 Aug;20(4):263-7. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2012.12.009. Epub 2013 Jan 21.
BACKGROUND: Patient specific cutting guides (PSC) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have recently been introduced, in which preoperative 3-dimensional imaging is used to manufacture disposable cutting blocks specific to a patient's anatomy. The purpose of this study was to compare the alignment accur
PMID 23347791

Smart plastic antibody material (SPAM) tailored on disposable screen printed electrodes for protein recognition: application to myoglobin detection.

Moreira FT, Sharma S, Dutra RA, Noronha JP, Cass AE, Sales MG.SourceBioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2013 Jul 15;45:237-44. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.012. Epub 2013 Feb 16.
This work introduces two major changes to the conventional protocol for designing plastic antibodies: (i) the imprinted sites were created with charged monomers while the surrounding environment was tailored using neutral material; and (ii) the protein was removed from its imprinted site by means of
PMID 23500370

Japanese Journal

抗原抗体反応を自動で実行できる高感度使い捨て型バイオセンサの開発 (特集先端医療を支える電気設備)

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電気設備学会誌 = The Journal of the Institute of Electrical Installation Engineers of Japan 34(4), 252-255, 2014-04
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