diaschisis

遠隔機能障害

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/06 13:42:49」(JST)

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Diaschisis (from Greek διάσχισις meaning "shocked throughout") is a sudden loss (or change) of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant, but damaged, brain area. The site of the originally damaged area and of the diaschisis are connected to each other by neurons. The loss of the damaged structure disrupts the function of the remaining intact systems and causes a physiological imbalance. The injury is produced by an acute focal disturbance in an area of the brain, from traumatic brain injury or stroke, for example. Some function may be restored with gradual readjustment of the intact but suppressed areas through intervention and the brain's natural neuroplasticity.

The term diaschisis was coined by Constantin von Monakow in 1914. Currently the term diaschisis is used to describe a depression of regional neuronal metabolism and cerebral blood flow caused by dysfunction in an anatomically separate but functionally related neuronal region. Von Monakow's concept of neurophysical changes in distant brain tissue to the focal lesion led to a widespread clinical interest. Doctors were interested in how diaschisis could describe the signs and symptoms of brain lesions that could not be explained.

The areas of the brain are connected by vast organized neuronal pathways that allow one area of the brain to influence other areas more distal to it. Understanding these dense pathways helps to link a lesion causing brain damage in one area of the brain to degeneration in a more distal brain area. A focal lesion causes damage that also disturbs the structural and functional connectivity to the brain areas distal to the lesion.

The primary mechanism of diaschisis is functional deafferentation, which is the loss of the input of information from the part of the brain that is now damaged. The decrease in information and neural firing to the distal brain area causes those synaptic connections to weaken and initiates a change in the structural and functional connectivity around that area. This leads to diaschisis. Diaschisis is also influenced by many other factors, including stoke, brain swelling, and neuroanatomical disconnection. The severity of these factors is manifested in altered neuronal excitability, hypo-metabolism, and hypo perfusion.

There are two types of diaschisis. The first is focal diaschisis, which refers to the remote neurophysiological changes that are caused by a focal lesion based on von Monakow's definition. The second type of diaschisis is non-focal diaschisis and it focuses on the changes in the strength and direction of neural pathways and connectivity between brain areas. This type of diaschisis has only been a topic in recent study as a result of the advancement of brain imaging tools and technology. These new tools allow for better understanding of the organization of the brain connectivity and further investigation into new types of diaschisis, like non-focal or connectional diascisis. This new type of diaschisis relates much more closely to clinical findings.

External links

• González-Aguado E, Martí-Fábregas J, Martí-Vilalta JL (2000). "The phenomenon of diaschisis in cerebral vascular disease". Rev Neurol (in Spanish). 30 (10): 941–45. PMID 10919192. 

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English Journal

• Correlation between crossed cerebellar diaschisis and clinical neurological scales.

• Szilágyi G, Vas A, Kerényi L, Nagy Z, Csiba L, Gulyás B.SourceDepartment of Neurology, State Health Center, Budapest, Hungary.
• Acta neurologica Scandinavica.Acta Neurol Scand.2012 Jun;125(6):373-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01576.x. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
• BACKGROUND: A common consequence of unilateral stroke is crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD), a decrease in regional blood flow (CBF) and metabolism (CMRglu) in the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere. Former studies indicated a post-stroke time-dependent relation
• PMID 21781057

• Remote Effects of Hippocampal Sclerosis on Effective Connectivity during Working Memory Encoding: A Case of Connectional Diaschisis?

• Campo P, Garrido MI, Moran RJ, Maestú F, García-Morales I, Gil-Nagel A, Del Pozo F, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ.SourceDepartment of Basic Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
• Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991).Cereb Cortex.2012 Jun;22(6):1225-36. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
• Accumulating evidence suggests a role for the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in working memory (WM). However, little is known concerning its functional interactions with other cortical regions in the distributed neural network subserving WM. To reveal these, we availed of subjects with MTL damage and ch
• PMID 21810779

Japanese Journal

• 症例 てんかん重積発作にてcrossed cerebellar diaschisisを来した3例

• 前田 裕子,北村 賀永子,下野 太郎 [他]
• 臨床放射線 56(8), 989-994, 2011-08
• NAID 40018955312

• 錯書を呈したCerebellar cognitive affective syndromeの1例

• 福永 典子,徳田 佳生
• The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 48(9), 628-634, 2011
• … The possible mechanism of paragraphia in this case might be a reduction of cerebral blood flow in the angular gyrus due to a crossed cerebello-cerebral diaschisis. …
• NAID 130001142478

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