WordNet

precisely determined or limited or defined; especially fixed by rule or by a specific and constant cause; "a determinate distance"; "a determinate number"; "determinate variations in animals"
not continuing to grow indefinitely at the apex; "determinate growth"
of uncertain or ambiguous nature; "the equivocal (or indeterminate) objects painted by surrealists"
not precisely determined or established; not fixed or known in advance; "of indeterminate age"; "a zillion is a large indeterminate number"; "an indeterminate point of law"; "the influence of environment is indeterminate"; "an indeterminate future" (同)undetermined
having a capacity for continuing to grow at the apex; "an indeterminate stem"
not capable of being determined; "the indeterminate number of plant species in the jungle"
not leading to a definite ending or result; "an indeterminate campaign"
the quality of being predictable with great confidence (同)definiteness

PrepTutorEJDIC

限定された;明確な
際限のない;不確定の,漠然とした

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/07 21:51:02」(JST)

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In modern philosophy and mathematics, a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other properties. A property however differs from individual objects in that it may be instantiated, and often in more than one thing. It differs from the logical/mathematical concept of class by not having any concept of extensionality, and from the philosophical concept of class in that a property is considered to be distinct from the objects which possess it. Understanding how different individual entities (or particulars) can in some sense have some of the same properties is the basis of the problem of universals. The terms attribute and quality have similar meanings.

Essential and accidental properties

In classical Aristotelian terminology, a property (Greek: idion, Latin: proprium) is one of the predicables. It is a non-essential quality of a species (like an accident), but a quality which is nevertheless characteristically present in members of that species (and in no others). For example, "ability to laugh" may be considered a special characteristic of human beings. However, "laughter" is not an essential quality of the species human, whose Aristotelian definition of "rational animal" does not require laughter. Thus, in the classical framework, properties are characteristic, but non-essential, qualities.

Determinate and determinable properties

A property may be classified as either determinate or determinable. A determinable property is one that can get more specific. For example, color is a determinable property because it can be restricted to redness, blueness, etc.^[1] A determinate property is one that cannot become more specific. This distinction may be useful in dealing with issues of identity.^[2]

Lovely and suspect qualities

Daniel Dennett distinguishes between lovely properties (such as loveliness itself), which, although they require an observer to be recognised, exist latently in perceivable objects; and suspect properties which have no existence at all until attributed by an observer (such as being a suspect in a murder enquiry)^[3]

Property dualism

Property dualism: the exemplification of two kinds of property by one kind of substance

Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is constituted of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties. In other words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties (such as beliefs, desires and emotions) inhere in some physical substances (namely brains).

Properties in mathematics

In mathematical terminology, a property p defined for all elements of a set X is usually defined as a function p: X → {true, false}, that is true whenever the property holds; or equivalently, as the subset of X for which p holds; i.e. the set {x| p(x) = true}; p is its indicator function. It may be objected (see above) that this defines merely the extension of a property, and says nothing about what causes the property to hold for exactly those values.

Properties and predicates

The ontological fact that something has a property is typically represented in language by applying a predicate to a subject. However, taking any grammatical predicate whatsoever to be a property, or to have a corresponding property, leads to certain difficulties, such as Russell's paradox and the Grelling–Nelson paradox. Moreover, a real property can imply a host of true predicates: for instance, if X has the property of weighing more than 2 kilos, then the predicates "..weighs more than 1.9 kilos", "..weighs more than 1.8 kilos", etc., are all true of it. Other predicates, such as "is an individual", or "has some properties" are uninformative or vacuous. There is some resistance to regarding such so-called "Cambridge properties" as legitimate.^[4]

Intrinsic and extrinsic properties

An intrinsic property is a property that an object or a thing has of itself, independently of other things, including its context. An extrinsic (or relational) property is a property that depends on a thing's relationship with other things. For example, mass is a physical intrinsic property of any physical object, whereas weight is an extrinsic property that varies depending on the strength of the gravitational field in which the respective object is placed.

Relations

A relation is often considered^{[by whom?]} to be a more general case of a property. Relations are true of several particulars, or shared amongst them. Thus the relation ".. is taller than .." holds "between" two individuals, who would occupy the two ellipses ('..'). Relations can be expressed by N-place predicates, where N is greater than 1.

It is widely accepted^{[by whom?]} that there are at least some apparent relational properties which are merely derived from non-relational (or 1-place) properties. For instance "A is heavier than B" is a relational predicate, but it is derived from the two non relational properties: the mass of A and the mass of B. Such relations are called external relations, as opposed to the more genuine internal relations.^[5] Some philosophers believe that all relations are external, leading to a scepticism about relations in general, on the basis that external relations have no fundamental existence.

References

^ Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy Determinate and Determinable Properties
^ Georges Dicker (Routledge). Hume's Epistemology & Metaphysics. 1998. p. 31. Check date values in: |date= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Lovely and Suspect Qualities
^ "... the distinguishing mark of Cambridge properties is precisely that they add nothing to individuals."
^ George Moore, External and Internal Relations

External links

Property (philosophy) entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

This article incorporates material from property on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

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English Journal

A facial electrochemical approach to determinate bisphenol A based on graphene-hypercrosslinked resin MN202 composite.

Zhou W1, Sun C2, Zhou Y3, Yang X4, Yang W1.Author information 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.2Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.3Water Conservation Project Management Office of Hongze Lake of Jiangsu Province, Hongze 223100, China.4Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China. Electronic address: yangxiaodi@njnu.edu.cn.AbstractIt first reported a novel electrochemical approach for the in situ determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in the milk and mineralised water using graphene-hypercrosslinked resin MN202 composite (MN202) modified electrode. The electrocatalytic oxidation and electroanalytical of BPA on the modified electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It is notable that the oxidation peak current of BPA had enhanced remarkably and the oxidation overpotential had decreased significantly. Experimental parameters, such as the accumulation potential and time, scan rate, and the pH value of buffer solution were optimised. Under the optimised conditions, the oxidation peak current was proportional to BPA concentration in a wide range between 0.005 and 20.0μmol/L, and the detection limit was 1.02nmol/L (S/N=3). Moreover, the fabricated electrode also exhibited good reproducibility and stability, and employed to in situ determinate BPA in milk and mineralised water successfully.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Sep 1;158:81-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.123. Epub 2014 Mar 1.
It first reported a novel electrochemical approach for the in situ determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in the milk and mineralised water using graphene-hypercrosslinked resin MN202 composite (MN202) modified electrode. The electrocatalytic oxidation and electroanalytical of BPA on the modified electr
PMID 24731317

Density functional theory investigations on the conformational stability, molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 6-methyl-2-chromenone.

Arivazhagan M1, Subhasini VP2, Kavitha R3.Author information 1Department of Physics, A.A. Government Arts College, Musiri, Tiruchirappalli 621201, TN, India. Electronic address: jjmarivu@yahoo.co.in.2Department of Physics, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai 600119, TN, India.3Department of Physics, Saranathan Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli 620012, TN, India.AbstractThe Fourier-transform infrared and FT-Raman spectra of 6-methyl-2-chromenone (6M2C) was recorded in the region 4000-400cm(-1) and 3500-50cm(-1) respectively. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 6M2C were carried out by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP and LSDA) method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (μ) and the first order hyperpolarizability (β) of the investigated compound were computed using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. The calculated results also show that 6M2C might have microscopic non-linear optical (NLO) behaviour with non-zero values. A detailed interpretation of infrared and Raman spectra of 6M2C is also reported. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap shows that charge transfer occur within the molecule. The molecular electrostatic potential map shows that the negative potential sites are on the electronegative atoms as well as the positive potential sites are around the hydrogen atoms. The NMR spectrum is used in conjunction with other forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis to determinate the structures of complicated organic molecules.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Jul 15;128:527-39. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.093. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
The Fourier-transform infrared and FT-Raman spectra of 6-methyl-2-chromenone (6M2C) was recorded in the region 4000-400cm(-1) and 3500-50cm(-1) respectively. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of 6M2C were carried out by density functional th
PMID 24691367

WIN induces apoptotic cell death in human colon cancer cells through a block of autophagic flux dependent on PPARγ down-regulation.

Pellerito O1, Notaro A, Sabella S, De Blasio A, Vento R, Calvaruso G, Giuliano M.Author information 1Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, PROTEO and IBIS, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.AbstractCannabinoids have been reported to possess anti-tumorigenic activity in cancer models although their mechanism of action is not well understood. Here, we show that the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (WIN)-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines is accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress induction. The formation of acidic vacuoles and the increase in LC3-II protein indicated the involvement of autophagic process which seemed to play a pro-survival role against the cytotoxic effects of the drug. However, the enhanced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) blocked the autophagic flux after the formation of autophagosomes as demonstrated by the accumulation of p62 and LC3, two markers of autophagic degradation. Data also provided evidence for a role for nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in cannabinoid signalling. PPARγ expression, at both protein and mRNA levels, was significantly down-regulated after WIN treatment and its inhibition, either by specific antagonists or by down-regulation via gene silencing, induced effects on cell viability as well as on ER stress and autophagic markers similar to those obtained in the presence of WIN. Moreover, the observation that the increase in p62 level and the induction of LMP were also modified by PPARγ antagonists seemed to indicate that PPARγ down-regulation was crucial to determinate the block of autophagic flux, thus confirming the critical role of PPARγ in WIN action. In conclusion, at our knowledge, our results are the first to show that the reduction of PPARγ levels contributes to WIN-induced colon carcinoma cell death by blocking the pro-survival autophagic response of cells.
Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death.Apoptosis.2014 Jun;19(6):1029-42. doi: 10.1007/s10495-014-0985-0.
Cannabinoids have been reported to possess anti-tumorigenic activity in cancer models although their mechanism of action is not well understood. Here, we show that the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (WIN)-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines is accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress
PMID 24696378

Optimisation of soy flour fermentation parameters to produce β-glucosidase for bioconversion into aglycones.

Handa CL1, Couto UR1, Vicensoti AH1, Georgetti SR2, Ida EI3.Author information 1Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.2Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.3Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: elida@uel.br.AbstractThe solid state fermentation (SSF) parameters of defatted soybean flour (DSF) with Aspergillus oryzae IOC 3999/1998 or Monascus purpureus NRRL 1992 was evaluated using a rotational central composite experimental design to optimise the production of β-glucosidase and convert glycosidic isoflavones in aglycones. Variables investigated were initial pH of DSF, volume of water added to 10 g of DSF and incubation temperature. β-Glucosidase activity was measured using the synthetic substrate, p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside. The content of isoflavones was determinate by ultra performance liquid chromatography. The highest production of β-glucosidase for both strains occurred when adding 10 mL of water to the DSF, incubating at 30 °C and using 6.0 as the initial DSF pH. A. oryzae IOC 3999/1998 expressed β-glucosidase activity at 10.7 times higher than M. purpureus NRRL 1992. The DSF fermentation was more efficient in converting isoflavones with M. purpureus NRRL 1992.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 1;152:56-65. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.101. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
The solid state fermentation (SSF) parameters of defatted soybean flour (DSF) with Aspergillus oryzae IOC 3999/1998 or Monascus purpureus NRRL 1992 was evaluated using a rotational central composite experimental design to optimise the production of β-glucosidase and convert glycosidic isoflavones i
PMID 24444906

Japanese Journal

行列因子分解によるWebページのユーザビリティ評価値の補完

山田俊哉,中道上,松井知子
情報処理学会研究報告. EIP, [電子化知的財産・社会基盤] 2013-EIP-61(24), 1-8, 2013-09-04
Web ページのユーザビリティテスティングにおいて,限られた人数の被験者となるユーザによるユーザビリティについての評価を有効に利用することを目的として,行列因子分解を用いて被験者が未評価のWebページの評価値を補完する方法を提案する.Web ページのユーザビリティテスティングでは,閲覧する Webページの順序や種類が被験者により異なる場合がある.そのため評価対象となる全ての Web ページに対し, …
NAID 110009605106

行列因子分解によるWebページのユーザビリティ評価値の補完

山田俊哉,中道上,松井知子
情報処理学会研究報告. GN, [グループウェアとネットワークサービス] 2013-GN-89(24), 1-8, 2013-09-04
Web ページのユーザビリティテスティングにおいて,限られた人数の被験者となるユーザによるユーザビリティについての評価を有効に利用することを目的として,行列因子分解を用いて被験者が未評価のWebページの評価値を補完する方法を提案する.Web ページのユーザビリティテスティングでは,閲覧する Webページの順序や種類が被験者により異なる場合がある.そのため評価対象となる全ての Web ページに対し, …
NAID 110009605074

行列因子分解によるWebページのユーザビリティ評価値の補完

山田俊哉,中道上,松井知子
情報処理学会研究報告. マルチメディア通信と分散処理研究会報告 2013-DPS-156(24), 1-8, 2013-09-04
Web ページのユーザビリティテスティングにおいて,限られた人数の被験者となるユーザによるユーザビリティについての評価を有効に利用することを目的として,行列因子分解を用いて被験者が未評価のWebページの評価値を補完する方法を提案する.Web ページのユーザビリティテスティングでは,閲覧する Webページの順序や種類が被験者により異なる場合がある.そのため評価対象となる全ての Web ページに対し, …
NAID 110009605034

Genetic variation in four maturity genes affects photoperiod insensitivity and PHYA-regulated post-flowering responses of soybean

Xu Meilan,Xu Zeheng,Liu Baohui,Kong Fanjiang,Tsubokura Yasutaka,Watanabe Satoshi,Xia Zhengjun,Harada Kyuya,Kanazawa Akira,Yamada Testuya,Abe Jun
BMC Plant Biology 13, 2013-06-25
… The phytochrome A-regulated expression of the determinate growth habit gene Dt1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1, was involved in the persistence of the vegetative activity at the stem apical meristem of flower-induced plants under long-day conditions. …
NAID 120005316987

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