WordNet

remove calcium or lime from; "decalcify the rock"
lose calcium or calcium compounds
loss of calcium from bones or teeth

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/27 01:03:39」(JST)

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Calcification is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue. It normally occurs in the formation of bone, but calcium can be deposited abnormally in soft tissue,^[1]^[2] causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification.^[3] Calcification may also refer to the processes of normal mineral deposition in biological systems, such as the formation of stromatolites or mollusc shells (see Mineralization (biology) or Biomineralization).

Density-Dependent Colour Scanning Electron Micrograph SEM (DDC-SEM) of cardiovascular calcification, showing in orange calcium phosphate spherical particles (denser material) and, in green, the extracellular matrix (less dense material).^[1]

Causes of soft tissue calcification

Calcification of soft tissue (arteries, cartilage, heart valves,^[1]^[2] etc.) can be caused by vitamin K₂ deficiency or by poor calcium absorption due to a high calcium/vitamin D ratio. This can occur with or without a mineral imbalance.

Intake of excessive Vitamin D can cause Vitamin D poisoning and excessive intake of calcium from the intestine, when accompanied by a deficiency of vitamin K (perhaps induced by an anticoagulant) can result in calcification of arteries and other soft tissue.^[4] Such metastatic soft tissue calcification is mainly in tissues containing "calcium catchers" such as elastic fibres or sour mucopolysaccharides. These tissues especially include the lungs (pumice lung) and the aorta.^[5]

Mineral balance

Dystrophic calcification, without a systemic mineral imbalance.
Metastatic calcification, a systemic elevation of calcium levels in the blood and all tissues.

Symptoms

Calcification can manifest itself in many ways in the body. Several conditions can be caused by poor calcium absorption:^{[medical citation needed]}

Tartar on teeth
Arthritic bone spurs
Kidney stones
Gall stones
Heterotopic bone

Location

Skeletal calcification
Extraskeletal calcification
- e.g. calciphylaxis
Brain (e.g. Fahr's syndrome)
Tumour calcification
- e.g. calcification in ovarian tumours

Pattern

Patterns of calcifications may indicate pathological processes. Laminated appearance suggests granulomatous disease while popcorn calcification indicates hamartoma. Malignant lesions may have stippled or eccentric calcification.

Breast disease

In a number of breast pathologies, calcium is often deposited at sites of cell death or in association secretions or hyalinized stroma, resulting in pathologic calcification. For example, small, irregular, linear calcifications may be seen, via mammography, in a ductal carcinoma-in-situ to produce visible radio-opacities.^[6]

Treatment

Treatment of high calcium/vitamin D ratio may most easily be accomplished by intake of more vitamin D if vitamin K is normal. Intake of too much vitamin D would be evident by anorexia, loss of appetite, or soft tissue calcification.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Bertazzo, Sergio; Gentleman, Eileen; Cloyd, Kristy L.; Chester, Adrian H.; Yacoub, Magdi H.; Stevens, Molly M. (2013). "Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification". Nature Materials 12 (6): 576–583. doi:10.1038/nmat3627. ISSN 1476-1122.
^ ^a ^b Miller, J. D. Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins. Nature Materials 12, 476-478 (2013).
^ Calcification The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
^ Paul Price, et al., "Warfarin-Induced Artery Calcification Is Accelerated by Growth and Vitamin D", Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2000, Vol. 20, pp. 317-327.
^ McGavin, Zachary. Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, fourth edition; Elsevier 2007.
^ Robbins and Cotran (2009), Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition, Elsevier.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 乳幼児に対する予防的デンタルケアおよびカウンセリング preventive dental care and counseling for infants and young children

English Journal

Demineralized murine skeletal histology.

Mack SA1, Maltby KM, Hilton MJ.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2014;1130:165-83. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-989-5_12.
Cartilage and bone are specialized skeletal tissues composed of unique extracellular matrices. Bone, in particular, has a highly calcified or mineralized matrix that makes microtomy and standard histological studies very challenging. Therefore, methods to appropriately fix and decalcify mineralized
PMID 24482172

Technical note: a histological technique for detecting the cryptic preservation of erythrocytes and soft tissue in ancient human skeletonized remains.

Setzer TJ1, Sundell IB, Dibbley SK, Les C.
American journal of physical anthropology.Am J Phys Anthropol.2013 Dec;152(4):566-8. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22375. Epub 2013 Oct 3.
Bone samples from a Middle Bronze Age (ca., 1600-1300 BC) site were prepared for histological analysis. Preliminary results suggested that components of bone marrow remained preserved. To verify these findings and optimize the sample preparation procedure, we conducted experiments varying the type o
PMID 24122740

[Histology of bone metastases (technical aspects, searching for a primary)].

Larousserie F1, Genestie C.
Bulletin du cancer.Bull Cancer.2013 Nov;100(11):1101-8. doi: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1844.
The histologic diagnosis of bone metastasis is often easy, based on tumor morphologic features on routine examination. The determination of the primary tumor is facilitated by ancillary techniques such as histochemical stainings and immunohistochemistry: it is possible, in about 65% of cases, with c
PMID 24192153

Comparison of routine decalcification methods with microwave decalcification of bone and teeth.

Sangeetha R1, Uma K1, Chandavarkar V2.
Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology : JOMFP.J Oral Maxillofac Pathol.2013 Sep;17(3):386-91. doi: 10.4103/0973-029X.125204.
INTRODUCTION: The microwave oven has been used quite often for tissue processing, but there are very few studies describing its use in decalcification of bone or teeth. In this study we have attempted to decalcify bone and teeth using a microwave oven and compare the process and results with convent
PMID 24574657

Japanese Journal

Identification of the sources of organic compounds that decalcify cement concrete and generate alcohols and ammonia gases

Tomoto Takashi,Moriyoshi Akihiro,Sakai Kiyoshi,Shibata Eiji,Kamijima Michihiro
Building and Environment 44(9), 2000-2005, 2009-09
In this study, the emission sources of various types of airborne organic matter, which deteriorates cement concrete by penetrating into it together with moisture, were identified using high-performanc …
NAID 120001664540

化石骨の脱灰処理条件の検討

南雅代,中村俊夫,南雅代,Minami Masayo
名古屋大学加速器質量分析計業績報告書 13, 177-185, 2002-03
タンデトロン加速器質量分析計業績報告 Summaries of Researches Using AMS 2001 (平成13)年度
NAID 110000475736

Effect of 10% Phosphoric acid Conditioning on the Efficacy of a Dentin Bonding System

WU Jian.,ITOH Kazuo,YAMASHITA Takashi,TANI Chihiro,HISAMITSU Hisashi,WAKUMOTO Sadao
Dental materials journal 17(1), 21-30, 1998-03
… It was concluded that the dentist should not decalcify the dentin cavity wall possibly by using a dentin conditioner such as 10% phosphoric acid because the resin composite paste is apt to separate easily from the decalcified dentin cavity wall during polymerization. …
NAID 110002984133

歯質接着におけるフィチン酸とフッ化第1錫混合前処理剤の効果

平林茂,平澤忠
歯科材料・器械 14(2), 240-246, 1995-03-25
我々は, すでに, リン酸基やカルボキシル基を有する機能性モノマーを含有する歯科用接着剤やグラスポリアルケノエートセメントの歯質接着における<フィチン酸(PYA)-SnF_2>プライマーの有効性について報告している.しかし, このプライマーによる処理は, 二段階処理を必要とする.そこで, この処理ステップを簡略化するために, 10%のPYA水溶液とPYAに対して0.02〜0.5モル当量 …
NAID 110002993447