WordNet

pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane
of or relating to cytolysis, the dissolution or destruction of a cell

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/20 08:06:22」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Blood cells in solutions with different osmotic pressure. Cytolysis would result in the image on the far right.

Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells

Play media

A human white blood cell (upper right) in water swells until it bursts (at ~14 seconds)

Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to move into the cell. The water enters the cell through selective membrane channels called aquaporins which also prevent the loss ions and other solutes at the same time. It occurs in a hypotonic environment, where water moves into the cell by osmosis and causes its volume to increase to the point where the volume exceeds the membrane's capacity and the cell bursts. The presence of a cell wall prevents the membrane from bursting, so cytolysis only occurs in animal and protozoa cells which do not have cell walls. The reverse process is plasmolysis.

In mammals

Osmotic lysis is often one result of a stroke, because of improper nutrient perfusion and waste removal alter cell metabolism. Such malfunction results in an inflow of extracellular fluid into the cells. Osmotic lysis is also used by the immune system in animals to kill the cancer cells and stop tumor growth.^[1]

In bacteria

Osmotic lysis would be expected to occur when bacterial cells are treated with a hypotonic solution with added lysozyme, which destroys the bacteria's cell walls.

Prevention

Different cells and organisms have adapted different ways of preventing cytolysis from occurring. For example, the paramecium uses a contractile vacuole, which rapidly pumps out excessive water to prevent the build-up of water and the otherwise subsequent lysis.^[2] Additionally, these protists have cell membranes which are less permeable to water than some other species.^[2]

Other organisms pump solutes out of their cytosol, which brings the solute concentration closer to that of their environment and slows down the process of water's diffusion into the cell, preventing cytolysis. If the cell can pump out enough solutes so that an isotonic environment can be achieved, there will be no net movement of water.

References

^ "Cytolysis". biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2009). Biology (9th ed.). p. 134. ISBN 9780321558237.

McClendon, Jesse Francis (1917). Physical Chemistry of Vital Phenomena:. Original from the University of California: Princeton University Press. p. 240 pages.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 造血細胞移植後の移植片対腫瘍効果の生物学 biology of the graft versus tumor effect following hematopoietic cell transplantation
2. B群レンサ球菌：病原性因子および発症機序 group b streptococcus virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms
3. エーリキアの生物学 biology of ehrlichiae
4. 好酸球性食道炎（EoE）：遺伝学および免疫病原性 eosinophilic esophagitis eoe genetics and immunopathogenesis
5. 移植片対宿主病の病因 pathogenesis of graft versus host disease

English Journal

Combination Therapy with Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-PD-1 Leads to Distinct Immunologic Changes In Vivo.

Das R1, Verma R1, Sznol M1, Boddupalli CS1, Gettinger SN1, Kluger H1, Callahan M2, Wolchok JD2, Halaban R3, Dhodapkar MV1, Dhodapkar KM4.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2015 Feb 1;194(3):950-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401686. Epub 2014 Dec 24.
Combination therapy concurrently targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints leads to remarkable antitumor effects. Although both PD-1 and CTLA-4 dampen the T cell activation, the in vivo effects of these drugs in humans remain to be clearly defined. To better understand biologic effects of therapy
PMID 25539810

Characterization of Complementary Determinant Region 3δ in Human MutS Homologue 2-Specific γδ T Cells.

Chen H1, Ji X, Cui L, Zhang J, He W.
Scandinavian journal of immunology.Scand J Immunol.2015 Feb;81(2):121-8. doi: 10.1111/sji.12256.
γδT cells function as sentinels in early host responses to infections and malignancies. Previously, we found ectopically expressed human MutS homologue 2 (hMSH2), recognized by γδT cells, triggered a γδT cell-mediated cytolysis to tumor cells. However, the characteristics of hMSH2-specific γ�
PMID 25410477

PTEN Is a Negative Regulator of NK Cell Cytolytic Function.

Briercheck EL1, Trotta R2, Chen L3, Hartlage AS1, Cole JP3, Cole TD3, Mao C3, Banerjee PP4, Hsu HT5, Mace EM5, Ciarlariello D6, Mundy-Bosse BL3, Garcia-Cao I7, Scoville SD1, Yu L8, Pilarski R9, Carson WE 3rd10, Leone G11, Pandolfi PP12, Yu J13, Orange JS4, Caligiuri MA14.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2015 Jan 16. pii: 1401224. [Epub ahead of print]
Human NK cells are characterized by their ability to initiate an immediate and direct cytolytic response to virally infected or malignantly transformed cells. Within human peripheral blood, the more mature CD56dim NK cell efficiently kills malignant targets at rest, whereas the less mature CD56brigh
PMID 25595786