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WordNet

a wooden or metal staff that fits under the armpit and reaches to the ground; used by disabled person while walking
anything that serves as an expedient; "he uses drugs as a psychological crutch"
a proud stiff pompous gait (同)prance, swagger
brace consisting of a bar or rod used to resist longitudinal compression

PrepTutorEJDIC

松葉づえ / 支えになるもの
(人目を意識して)気どって歩く,そりかえって歩く / 気どり歩き
(建物の)支柱,筋かい / …‘に'支柱をかう

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/14 23:44:25」(JST)

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Using underarm crutches

A typical forearm crutch

A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It is often used for people who cannot use their legs to support their weight, for reasons ranging from short-term injuries to lifelong disabilities.

Types

There are several types of crutches:

Forearm: a type of crutch with a cuff at the top to go around the forearm, also known as the Lofstrand crutch. It has been the type most commonly used in Europe.^{[citation needed]} Forearm crutch is used by inserting the arm into a cuff and holding the grip. The cuff, typically made of plastic or metal, can be a half-circle or a full circle with a V-type opening in the front allowing the forearm to slip out in case of a fall.
Underarm: or axilla crutch. It is used by placing the pad against the ribcage beneath the armpit and holding the grip, which is below and parallel to the pad.
Platform: These are less common and used by those with poor hand grip due to arthritis, cerebral palsy, or other conditions. The arm rests on a horizontal platform and is strapped in place. The hand rests on a grip which, if properly designed, can be angled appropriately depending on the user's disability.
Leg Support: These non-traditional crutches are useful for users with an injury or disability affecting one lower leg only. They function by strapping the affected leg into a support frame that simultaneously holds the lower leg clear of the ground while transferring the load from the ground to the user's knee or thigh. This style of crutch has the advantage of not using the hands or arms while walking. A claimed benefit is that upper thigh atrophy is also reduced because the affected leg remains in use. Unlike other crutch designs these designs are unusable for pelvic, hip or thigh injuries and in some cases for knee injuries also.

Walking sticks or canes serve an identical purpose to crutches, but are held only in the hand and have a limited load bearing capability because of this.

Information on use

Several different gait patterns are possible, and the user chooses which one to use depending on the reason the crutches are needed. For example, a person with a non-weight bearing injury generally performs a "swing-to" gait: lifting the affected leg, the user places both crutches in front of himself, and then swings his uninjured leg to meet the crutches. Other gaits are used when both legs are equally affected by some disability, or when the injured leg is partially weight bearing.^[1]

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Correct use of the crutches

With underarm crutches, sometimes a towel or some kind of soft cover is needed to prevent or reduce under arm injury. A condition known as crutch paralysis, or crutch palsy can arise from pressure on nerves in the armpit, or axilla.^[2]^[3] Specifically, "the brachial plexus in the axilla is often damaged from the pressure of a crutch...In these cases the radial is the nerve most frequently implicated; the ulnar nerve suffers next in frequency".^[3]

Alternative devices

The knee scooter and the wheelchair are possible alternatives for patients who cannot use or do not like crutches. These wheeled devices introduce an additional limitation, however, since they cannot negotiate stairs.

Materials

Wood
Metal alloys (most often Steel, Aluminium alloys, Titanium alloys)
Carbon or glass fiber reinforced composites
thermoplastic
carbon fiber reinforced polymer

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crutches.

^ Walk Easy > Interact > Crutch Gait. Retrieved on March 22, 2007.
^ Glanze, W.D., Anderson, K.N., & Anderson, L.E, ed. (1990). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (3rd ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Co. ISBN 0-8016-3227-7. p.324
^ ^a ^b Warwick, R., & Williams, P.L, ed. (1973). Gray’s Anatomy (35th ed.). London: Longman. p.1046

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English Journal

In vivo measurement of shoulder joint loads during walking with crutches.

Westerhoff P, Graichen F, Bender A, Halder A, Beier A, Rohlmann A, Bergmann G.SourceJulius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon).Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon).2012 Aug;27(7):711-8. Epub 2012 May 25.
BACKGROUND: Following surgery or injury of the lower limbs, the use of walking aids like crutches can cause high loads on the shoulder joint. These loads have been calculated so far with computer models but with strongly varying results.METHODS: Shoulder joint forces and moments were measured during
PMID 22633130

Resection hip arthroplasty as a feasible surgical procedure for periacetabular tumors of the pelvis.

Hu YC, Huang HC, Lun DX, Wang H.SourceDepartments of Orthopaedic Oncology, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jiefangnan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300211, People's Republic of China.
European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology.Eur J Surg Oncol.2012 Aug;38(8):692-9. Epub 2012 May 24.
AIMS: Surgical treatment of periacetabular tumors remains one of the most challenging problems in musculoskeletal oncology. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical and functional outcomes of resection hip arthroplasty and analyze its feasibility.METHODS: This study assesses twenty-seven
PMID 22632849

Early-onset Alzheimer disease clinical variants: Multivariate analyses of cortical thickness.

Ridgway GR, Lehmann M, Barnes J, Rohrer JD, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Fox NC.SourceCorrespondence & reprint requests to Dr. Ridgway: gerard.ridgway@ucl.ac.uk.
Neurology.Neurology.2012 Jul 3;79(1):80-4. Epub 2012 Jun 20.
OBJECTIVE: To assess patterns of reduced cortical thickness in different clinically defined variants of early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) and to explore the hypothesis that these variants span a phenotypic continuum rather than represent distinct subtypes.METHODS: The case-control study included 25
PMID 22722624