WordNet

relating to or based on or involving comparison; "comparative linguistics"
the comparative form of an adjective or adverb; "`faster is the comparative of the adjective `fast"; "`less famous is the comparative degree of the adjective `famous"; "`more surely is the comparative of the adverb `surely" (同)comparative degree
the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences)

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『比較の』,比較による / 比較的,かなりの / 比較級の / 比較級

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/27 11:05:39」(JST)

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Comparative genomics is the study of the relationship of genome structure and function across different biological species or strains. Comparative genomics is an attempt to take advantage of the information provided by the signatures of selection to understand the function and evolutionary processes that act on genomes. While it is still a young field, it holds great promise to yield insights into many aspects of the evolution of modern species. The sheer amount of information contained in modern genomes (3.2 gigabases in the case of humans) necessitates that the methods of comparative genomics are automated. Gene finding is an important application of comparative genomics, as is discovery of new, non-coding functional elements of the genome.

Human FOXP2 gene and evolutionary conservation is shown in and multiple alignment (at bottom of figure) in this image from the UCSC Genome Browser. Note that conservation tends to cluster around coding regions (exons).

Comparative genomics exploits both similarities and differences in the proteins, RNA, and regulatory regions of different organisms to infer how selection has acted upon these elements. Those elements that are responsible for similarities between different species should be conserved through time (stabilizing selection), while those elements responsible for differences among species should be divergent (positive selection). Finally, those elements that are unimportant to the evolutionary success of the organism will be unconserved (selection is neutral).

One of the important goals of the field is the identification of the mechanisms of eukaryotic genome evolution. It is however often complicated by the multiplicity of events that have taken place throughout the history of individual lineages, leaving only distorted and superimposed traces in the genome of each living organism. For this reason comparative genomics studies of small model organisms (for example the model Caenorhabditis elegans and closely related Caenorhabditis briggsae) are of great importance to advance our understanding of general mechanisms of evolution.^[1]^[2]

Having come a long way from its initial use of finding functional proteins, comparative genomics is now concentrating on finding regulatory regions and siRNA molecules. Recently, it has been discovered that distantly related species often share long conserved stretches of DNA that do not appear to code for any protein (see conserved non-coding sequence).^[3] One such ultra-conserved region, that was stable from chicken to chimp has undergone a sudden burst of change in the human lineage, and is found to be active in the developing brain of the human embryo.^[4]

Computational approaches to genome comparison have recently become a common research topic in computer science. A public collection of case studies and demonstrations is growing, ranging from whole genome comparisons to gene expression analysis.^[5] This has increased the introduction of different ideas, including concepts from systems and control, information theory, strings analysis and data mining. It is anticipated that computational approaches will become and remain a standard topic for research and teaching, while multiple courses will begin training students to be fluent in both topics.^[6]

References[edit]

^ Stein LD, et al. (2003). "The genome sequence of Caenorhabditis briggsae: a platform for comparative genomics". PLoS Biology 1 (2): E45. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045. PMC 261899. PMID 14624247.
^ "Newly Sequenced Worm a Boon for Worm Biologists". PLoS Biology 1 (2): e4–e4. 2003. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000044. edit
^ Bejerano, Gill; Michael Pheasant, Igor Makunin, Stuart Stephen, W James Kent, John S Mattick, David Haussler (2004-05-28). "Ultraconserved elements in the human genome". Science 304 (5675): 1321–1325. doi:10.1126/science.1098119. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 15131266. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Pollard, Katherine S.; Sofie R. Salama, Nelle Lambert, Marie-Alexandra Lambot, Sandra Coppens, Jakob S. Pedersen, Sol Katzman, Bryan King, Courtney Onodera, Adam Siepel, Andrew D. Kern, Colette Dehay, Haller Igel, Manuel Ares, Pierre Vanderhaeghen, David Haussler (2006). "An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans". Nature 443 (7108): 167–172. doi:10.1038/nature05113. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16915236. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
^ Cristianini N and Hahn M (2006). Introduction to Computational Genomics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-67191-4.
^ Via, Allegra; Javier De Las Rivas, Teresa K. Attwood, David Landsman, Michelle D. Brazas, Jack A. M. Leunissen, Anna Tramontano, Maria Victoria Schneider (2011-10-27). "Ten Simple Rules for Developing a Short Bioinformatics Training Course". PLoS Comput Biol 7 (10): e1002245. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002245. Retrieved 2011-12-03.

External links[edit]

Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD)
Genome News Network
JCVI Comprehensive Microbial Resource
Pathema: A Clade Specific Bioinformatics Resource Center
CBS Genome Atlas Database
The UCSC Genome Browser
The U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute
Ensembl The Ensembl Genome Browser
Genolevures, comparative genomics of the Hemiascomycetous yeasts
Phylogenetically Inferred Groups (PhIGs), a recently developed method incorporates phylogenetic signals in building gene clusters for use in comparative genomics.
Metazome, a resource for the phylogenomic exploration and analysis of Metazoan gene families.
IMG The Integrated Microbial Genomes system, for comparative genome analysis by the DOE-JGI.
Dcode.org Dcode.org Comparative Genomics Center.
SUPERFAMILY Protein annotations for all completely sequenced organisms
Comparative Genomics
Blastology and Open Source: Needs and Deeds

UpToDate Contents

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1. ゲノム疾患：概要 genomic disorders an overview
2. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：細胞遺伝学および分子遺伝学 tools for genetics and genomics cytogenetics and molecular genetics
3. 小頭症に対する臨床遺伝学的アプローチ microcephaly a clinical genetics approach
4. 微細欠失症候群（1番～11番染色体） microdeletion syndromes chromosomes 1 to 11
5. 微細重複症候群 microduplication syndromes

English Journal

Apa antigen of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a target for species-specific immunodetection of the bacteria in infected tissues of cattle with paratuberculosis.

Souza GS, Rodrigues AB, Gioffre A, Romano MI, Carvalho EC, Ventura TL, Lasunskaia EB.SourceLaboratory of Biology of Recognition, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.Vet Immunol Immunopathol.2011 Sep 15;143(1-2):75-82. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium spp. have revealed conservative genes and respective proteins differently expressed in mycobacteria that could be used as targets for the species-specific immunodiagnostics. The alanine and proline-rich antigen Apa is a mycobacterial protein that present signifi
PMID 21752474

Japanese Journal

Role for piRNAs and Noncoding RNA in de Novo DNA Methylation of the Imprinted Mouse Rasgrf1 Locus

Watanabe Toshiaki,Tomizawa Shin-ichi,Mitsuya Kohzoh,Totoki Yasushi,Yamamoto Yasuhiro,Kuramochi-Miyagawa Satomi,Iida Naoko,Hoki Yuko,Murphy Patrick J.,Toyoda Atsushi,Gotoh Kengo,Hiura Hitoshi,Arima Takahiro,Fujiyama Asao,Sado Takashi,Shibata Tatsuhiro,Nakano Toru,Lin Haifan,Ichiyanagi Kenji,Soloway Paul D.,Sasaki Hiroyuki,渡部聡朗,富澤信一,三ツ矢幸造,十時泰,山本耕裕,宮川（倉持）さとみ,飯田直子,保木裕子,豊田敦,後藤健吾,樋浦仁,有馬隆博,藤山秋佐夫,佐渡敬,柴田龍弘,中村亨,一柳健司,佐々木裕之,ワタナベトシアキ,トミザワシンイチ,ミツヤコウゾウ,トトキヤスシ,ヤマモトヤスヒロ,クラモチ- ミヤガワサトミ,イイダナオコ,ホキユウコ,トヨダアツシ,ゴトウケンゴ,ヒウラヒトシ,アリマタカヒロ,フジヤマアサオ,サドタカシ,シバタタツヒロ,ナカムラトオル,イチヤナギケンジ,ササキヒロユキ
Science 332, 848-852, 2011-05-13
九州大学生体防御医学研究所の佐々木裕之主幹教授らは、国立遺伝学研究所等との共同研究により、生殖細胞で特定の遺伝子の働きを決めるプログラミングに、piRNAとよばれる小さなRNA分子が必要であることを発見し、その機構の大筋を解明しました。新しい遺伝子調節の発見であると同時に、病気の原因となる遺伝子を抑制する技術に繋がる成果です。（九州大学プレスリリースより）Genomic imprinting ca …
NAID 120003147805