関: nitrocellulose、pyroxylin

WordNet

a colorless syrupy solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol; used as a coating for wounds or photographic films
highly flammable nitrocellulose used in making collodion and plastics and lacquers (同)pyroxyline

PrepTutorEJDIC

コロジオン(皮膚の保護剤,写真湿版の感光膜用)
ニトロセルロース,硝酸繊維素

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/19 18:33:51」(JST)

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Collodion is a flammable, syrupy solution of pyroxylin (a.k.a. "nitrocellulose", "cellulose nitrate", "flash paper", and "gun cotton") in ether and alcohol. There are two basic types: flexible; non-flexible. The flexible type is often used as a surgical dressing or to hold dressings in place. When painted on the skin, collodion dries to form a flexible nitrocellulose film. While it is initially colorless, it discolors over time. Non-flexible collodion is often used in theatrical make-up.

History[edit]

In 1846 Louis-Nicolas Ménard devised a mixture of ether (ethoxyethane) as the solvent and ethanol as a diluent that rendered cellulose nitrate into a clear gelatinous liquid. The liquid was dubbed “collodion” (from the Latin collodium meaning glutinous).

Wet-plate collodion photography[edit]

Main article: Collodion process

Anonymous "A Veteran with his Wife", ambrotype

Julia Margaret Cameron's "Alice Liddell as a Young Woman" print from wet collodion negative

In 1851, Frederick Scott Archer, an Englishman, discovered that collodion could be used as an alternative to egg white (albumen) on glass photographic plates. Collodion reduced the exposure time necessary for making an image. This method became known as the 'wet-plate collodion' or 'wet collodion' method. Collodion was relatively grainless and colorless, and allowed for one of the first high-quality duplication processes, also known as negatives. This process also produced two types of positives: the ambrotype; the tintype (also known as ferrotype).

The process required great skill and included the following steps:

Clean the glass plate (extremely well)
In the light, pour "salted" (iodide, bromide) collodion onto the glass plate, tilting it so it reaches each corner. The excess is poured back into the bottle.
Take the plate into a darkroom or orange tent (the plate is sensitive only to blue light) and immerse the plate in a silver nitrate sensitising bath (for 3–5 minutes)
Lift the plate out of the bath, drain and wipe the back, load it into a plate holder and protect from light with a dark slide.
Load the plate holder into the camera, withdraw the dark slide and expose the plate (can range from less than a second to several minutes)
Develop the plate (using a ferrous sulfate based developer)
Fix the plate (with potassium cyanide or sodium thiosulfate)

All of this was done in a matter of minutes, and some of the steps in (red) safelight conditions, which meant that the photographer had to carry the chemicals and a portable darkroom with him wherever he went. After these steps the plate needed rinsing in fresh water. Finally, the plate was dried and varnished using a varnish made from sandarac, alcohol and lavender oil.

Dark tents to be used outdoors consisted of a small tent that was tied around the photographer's waist. Otherwise a wheelbarrow or a horse and covered wagon were used.

Dry collodion plates[edit]

Richard Norris, a doctor of medicine and professor of physiology at Queen's College, Birmingham, is generally credited with the first development of dry collodion plate in the 1860s. In 1894 he took out a new patent for dry plate used in photography.

Medical[edit]

Many wart-remover preparations consist of acetic acid and salicylic acid in an acetone collodion base used in the treatment of warts by keratolysis.
Nitrocellulose (pyroxylin) solution is also used presently in 'MedTech's NewSkin' liquid bandage product.

Other uses[edit]

Collodion is widely used to glue electrodes to the head for electro-encephalography.
Non-flexible collodion is used in theatrical makeup for various effects. When applied to the skin, it shrinks as the solvent (usually ether or alcohol) evaporates, causing wrinkles and is used to simulate old age, or scars.
Collodion is used in the cleaning of optics such as telescope mirrors. The collodion is applied to the surface of the optic, usually in two or more layers. Sometimes a piece of thin cloth is applied between the layers, to hold the collodion together for easy removal. After the collodion dries and forms a solid sheet covering the optic, it is carefully peeled away taking contamination with it.
Collodion is a pure type of pyroxylin used to embed specimens which will be examined under a microscope.
While in Paris René Dagron became familiar with the collodion wet plate and collodion-albumen dry plate processes which he would later adapt to his microfilm and Stanhope production techniques.
Collodion was used by Alfred Nobel in his development of blasting gelatin, a more powerful, flexible, and water resistant variation on his highly successful product, Dynamite.
Some types of nail polish also contain collodion.

External links[edit]

Rev. David Leavitt, ca. 1855, wet collodion negative, Library of Congress

WATCH: George Eastman House "The Collodion – Photographic Processes"
The Getty Museum: The Wet Collodion Process
Julia Margaret Cameron
Step by Step Wet Plate Photography
Making a Photograph During the Brady Era
Mathew Brady
Charles Dodgson (a.k.a. Lewis Carroll) - Photographer
Nadar
William Henry Jackson
Carleton Watkins
Roger Fenton Crimean War Photographs
Ambrose & Wether
Civil War Photographs from the National Archive
John Coffer
Scully and Osterman
Studio Q - Quinn Jacobson
Joni Sternbach
Keliy Anderson-Staley
Ted Preuss
Eric Mertens
Collodion
Collodion: Material Safety Data Sheet
Compound W data sheet
Brief description of the Wet Collodion process
Civil War Reenactors Photography Forum
Getting started in Wet Plate Collodion Photography
Origins and the process of creating a collodion print

UpToDate Contents

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1. Overview of the inherited ichthyoses
2. 遺伝性皮膚症 the genodermatoses
3. 皮膚に影響を及ぼす代謝性および遺伝性疾患 metabolic and inherited diseases affecting the skin
4. 新生児および乳児における皮膚および頭皮の良性病変 benign skin and scalp lesions in the newborn and young infant
5. シェーグレン・ラルソン症候群 sjogren larsson syndrome

English Journal

Transglutaminase-1 Mutations in Omani Families with Lamellar Ichthyosis.

Al-Naamani A, Al-Waily A, Al-Kindi M, Al-Awadi M, Al-Yahyaee SA.SourceDepartment of Genetic, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Oman.
Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre.Med Princ Pract.2013 May 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Objective: To determine the molecular basis of familial ichthyosis in three Omani families. Subjects and Methods: Nine patients from three consanguineous families, A, B, and C, were born with typical features of lamellar ichthyosis subtype including collodion membrane and maintained ectropion, and e
PMID 23689228

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis.

Rodríguez-Pazos L, Ginarte M, Vega A, Toribio J.SourceDepartamento de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: ladrizos@hotmail.com.
Actas dermo-sifiliográficas.Actas Dermosifiliogr.2013 May;104(4):270-84. doi: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.11.021. Epub 2013 Apr 3.
The term autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) refers to a group of rare disorders of keratinization classified as nonsyndromic forms of ichthyosis. This group was traditionally divided into lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) but today it also include
PMID 23562412

Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis.

Rodríguez-Pazos L, Ginarte M, Vega A, Toribio J.SourceDepartamento de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Facultad de Medicina, Santiago de Compostela, España. Electronic address: ladrizos@hotmail.com.
Actas dermo-sifiliograficas.Actas Dermosifiliogr.2013 May;104(4):270-284. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.11.015. Epub 2012 Jul 15.
The term autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) refers to a group of rare disorders of keratinization classified as nonsyndromic forms of ichthyosis. This group was traditionally divided into lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) but today it also include
PMID 22795576

Impaired Epidermal Ceramide Synthesis Causes Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis and Reveals the Importance of Ceramide Acyl Chain Length.

Eckl KM, Tidhar R, Thiele H, Oji V, Hausser I, Brodesser S, Preil ML, Onal-Akan A, Stock F, Müller D, Becker K, Casper R, Nürnberg G, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Traupe H, Futerman AH, Hennies HC.Source1] Center for Dermatogenetics, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Center for Dermatogenetics, Division of Human Genetics and Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
The Journal of investigative dermatology.J Invest Dermatol.2013 Apr 2. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.153. [Epub ahead of print]
The barrier function of the human epidermis is supposed to be governed by lipid composition and organization in the stratum corneum. Disorders of keratinization, namely ichthyoses, are typically associated with disturbed barrier activity. Using autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, we have iden
PMID 23549421

Japanese Journal

症例コロジオン児として出生したGaucher病2型の1例

荒井美奈子,榎戸友里,八田尚人 [他]
皮膚科の臨床 54(13), 1893-1895, 2012-12-00
NAID 40019515618

ITOナノ粒子のソルボサーマル合成と透明導電膜への応用

米谷紀嗣,藤井雅也
高圧力の科学と技術 = The Review of high pressure science and technology 22(2), 129-134, 2012-05-20
… ITO thin films are prepared by the multiple deposition of a collodion membrane incorporating synthesized ITO nanoparticles on the glass substrate followed by sintering at 400-500°C. …
NAID 10030642214