WordNet

radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures; they occur in polyp and medusa forms (同)cnidarian
the saclike body cavity of a coelenterate
a family of coelenterates
a genus of coelenterates

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腔脹(こうちょう)動物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/28 01:30:15」(JST)

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Coelenterata is term encompassing two animal phyla, the Ctenophora (comb jellies) and the Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their allies). The name comes from the Greek "koilos" ("hollow bellied"), referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla. They have very simple tissue organization, with only two layers of cells, external and internal and radial symmetry. Some of the examples are corals, sea anemone which are colonial and hydra, jelly fish which are solitary.Coelenterata have a closed circulatory system.

Characteristics

All coelenterates are aquatic, mostly marine. The bodyform is radially symmetrical. The body has a single opening hypostome surrounded by sensory tentacles equipped with either nematocysts or collobasts to capture mostly planktonic prey. These tentacles surround a spacious cavity called the gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron. Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular. Respiration and excretion are accomplished by simple diffusion. A network of nerves is spread throughout the body. Many forms exhibit polymorphism, wherein different types of individuals are present in a colony for different functions. These individuals are called Zooids. These animals generally reproduce asexually by budding, though sexual reproduction does occur in some groups.

History of classification

The scientific validity of the term coelenterate is currently disputed, as the Cnidaria and Ctenophora have less in common than previously assumed.^[1] In particular, the phylogenetic position of Ctenophora is controversial,^[2]^[3] leading some researchers to suggest that Coelenterata is not monophyletic, and therefore any group containing Cnidaria and Ctenophora but excluding other phyla would be paraphyletic. However, some genomic studies have found support for monophyletic coelenterates.^[4]^[5] Despite this uncertainty, the term coelenterate is still used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria and Ctenophora.

Complicating the issue is the 1997 work of Lynn Margulis (revising an earlier model by Thomas Cavalier-Smith) that placed the Cnidaria and Ctenophora alone in the branch Radiata within Eumetazoa.^[6] (The latter refers to all the animals except the sponges, Trichoplax, and the still poorly understood Mesozoa.) Neither grouping is accepted universally;^[7] however, both are commonly encountered in taxonomic literature.

References

^ Excerpt from Britannica article regarding Ctenophore classification
^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015-05-05). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (18): 5773–5778. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503453112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4426464. PMID 25902535.
^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (2015-11-30). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 201518127. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 26621703.
^ Philippe, Hervé; Derelle, Romain; Lopez, Philippe; Pick, Kerstin; Borchiellini, Carole; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Vacelet, Jean; Renard, Emmanuelle; Houliston, Evelyn. "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19 (8): 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19345102.
^ Nosenko, Tetyana; Schreiber, Fabian; Adamska, Maja; Adamski, Marcin; Eitel, Michael; Hammel, Jörg; Maldonado, Manuel; Müller, Werner E. G.; Nickel, Michael (2013-04-01). "Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 (1): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010.
^ Margulis, Lynn and Karlene V. Schwartz, 1997, Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
^ NCBI Taxonomy Browser

English Journal

Asymmetric conspecific sperm precedence in relation to spawning times in the Montastraea annularis species complex (Cnidaria: Scleractinia).

Fogarty ND, Lowenberg M, Ojima MN, Knowlton N, Levitan DR.SourceDepartment of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
Journal of evolutionary biology.J Evol Biol.2012 Dec;25(12):2481-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02625.x. Epub 2012 Oct 26.
In broadcast spawners, prezygotic reproductive isolation depends on differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of gamete release and gametic incompatibility. Typically, gametic incompatibility is measured in no-choice crosses, but conspecific sperm precedence (CSP) can prevent hybridization in
PMID 23107066

An unusual marine envenomation following a rope contact: a report on nine cases of dermatitis caused by Pennaria disticha.

Tezcan OD, Sarp S.SourceFamily Medicine; American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: ozgurtezcan@gmail.com.
Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2012 Nov 19. pii: S0041-0101(12)00786-6. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.019. [Epub ahead of print]
We would like to present the clinical course of nine patients who had an acute, painful dermatitis following contact with a rope used as a swimming area liner in the sea. The macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the fouling on the rope retrospectively, revealed Pennaria disticha as the causative
PMID 23174519

Analysis of Soluble Protein Contents from the Nematocysts of a Model Sea Anemone Sheds Light on Venom Evolution.

Moran Y, Praher D, Schlesinger A, Ayalon A, Tal Y, Technau U.SourceDepartment of Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre for Organismal Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria, yehu.moran@univie.ac.at.
Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.).Mar Biotechnol (NY).2012 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
The nematocyst is one of the most complex intracellular structures found in nature and is the defining feature of the phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydroids). This miniature stinging organelle contains and delivers venom into prey and foe yet little is known about its toxic c
PMID 23151943

Japanese Journal

明治の西洋動物学の黎明 Ⅱ―木下熊雄とそのグローバル性の背景

松本亜沙子,Asako K. Matsumoto
比較文明研究 = Journal for the Comparative Study of Civilizations 17, 75-111, 2012-06-25
… He studied octocoral (Coelenterate: Anthozoa:Octocorallia)at the Zoological Laboratory of the Imperial University of Tokyo (University of Tokyo). …
NAID 120004739161

Differentiation of Coelenteramide Sulfates from Phosphates by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Coupled with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

Doi Issei,Kuse Masaki,Nakashima Yosuke [他],TANI Naoki,ISOBE Minoru
質量分析 = Mass spectroscopy 57(2), 89-95, 2009-04-01
In general, it is difficult to distinguish between sulfate and phosphate groups in natural products, because these groups are found only in trace amounts in natural products. We have devised a hydroge …
NAID 10024837397

運動時における栄養素代謝ならびに疲労感の発生機序に関する研究

井上和生
日本栄養・食糧学会誌 : Nippon eiyo shokuryo gakkaishi = Journal of Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science 55(2), 111-117, 2002-04-10
… A bioassay system using Hydra, a freshwater coelenterate, showed an activity indistinguishable from transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in the CSF from exercise fatigued rats, whereas no such activity was present in CSF from sedentary rats. …
NAID 10008561355